Mavi Boncuk | 
The most important stage in reaching the mosaics today is the restoration of Gaspare Trajano Fossati[1]. During the restoration carried out during the reign of Sultan Abdülmecid, Fossati cleaned and polished the marble coatings on the walls. He started to work between the vaults and arches by gradually scraping the whitewash painted by the Ottoman. After the layers, old Byzantine mosaics appeared. Italian architect Fossati, who came across the first mosaic, asked the sultan of the time, Sultan Abdülmecid, to Hagia Sophia and asked for his opinion. Mosaics began to be unearthed by the decision of Sultan Abdulmecid. While uncovering the mosaics, scaffolds were built in the building and the embroidery was renewed, and 8 mosque sets known as the biggest calligraphy plates of the Islamic world written by the famous calligrapher Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi were hanged on the main pillars. In addition, the 35th verse of Surat an-Nur was engraved in this dome.
Fossati completed these studies in 1849 and opened the mosque in Ramadan. The Italian architect asked for help from the Russian tsar to make a photo album work to document the mosaics of Hagia Sophia, but stopped working when he could not get the help he requested. He continued his photo album with plates showing the interior and exterior views of Hagia Sophia and the surroundings of the building, and printed it in London to present the album to Sultan Abdülmecid. There is a title page on the first page of the album stating the help of Sultan Abdülmecid in this album with 25 plates. Different stances, internal and external appearances of the period Hagia Sophia are documents in the album. A few sheets from Gaspare Trajano Fossati's Hagia Sophia Album:
[1] The Fossati brothers, Gaspare (7 October 1809 — 5 September 1883) and Giuseppe (1822-1891), were Swiss-Italian architects. They completed more than 50 projects in Turkey during the Tanzimat era. They belonged to the Morcote branch of the Fossati, a prominent Ticinese family with mentions in the historical record going back to the 14th century. Gaspari was a superb draftsman, and a master of renovations. He is most noted for his renovation of the Hagia Sofia in Constantinople. Born in Ticino, Gaspari and Giuseppe Fossati were born into a notable family of artisans from Morcote in the Ticino region. Their ancestors included architects, artists and engineers.[1]
The brothers finished primary and middle school in Venice and studied architecture at the Brera Academy in Milan. During his period at the Academy, Gaspari won many prizes. Between 1829 and 1831, Gaspare produced many lithographs of Rome, and produced a catalogue for Leon XII. In around 1833, Gasapari began working for the architectural team of Luigi Rusca in Saint Petersburg, and in 1837, he married Rusca's daughter. (Rusca had died in 1822, but his nephew carried on with Rusca's projects in Saint Petersburg.)[2]
At the end of 1836, Gaspare was appointed to Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), becoming the official court architect and agreed to draw up plans for the Russian Embassy in Constantinople. He recruited his brother-in-law, Alessandro Rusca, and his own 17 year old brother, Guissepe Fossati. He set sail from Odessa, arriving in Constantinople on 20 March 1837. The Fossati brothers' time in Constantinople would mark the beginning of a very productiver period, and Gaspare would enjoy a distinguished career there.[3]
Between 1841 and 1843, the Fossati brothers built the brick Bab-ı Seraskeri Hospital (Bekirağa Bölüğü) and Liman İskelesi Karakolu in Eminönü for the Ottoman Administration. They were appointed to renovate Arzuodası at Babıali in 1844, and to build important buildings in Sultanahmet such as Dârülfünun (university) (1845-1846), Hazine-i Evrak, and Mekteb-i Sanayi (1846-1848). They also built the Church of SS Peter and Paul between 1841 and 1843.[4]
In 1847, Sultan Abdülmecid appointed them to renovate the Hagia Sophia. They completed the restoration in two years, utilizing more than eight hundred workers. They were able to document a larger number of Byzantine mosaics whose precise location within the Hagia Sophia today have not been fully documented since many were either painted over or destroyed often without recording their original location. The drawings of the Hagia Sophia mosaics are kept in the Cantonal Archive of Ticino.[5] Sultan Abdülmecid allowed the brothers to also document any mosaics they might discover during this process which were later archived in Swiss libraries.[6]
The Telgrafhane-i Amire building was built by Giuseppe Fossati in 1855. Upon the death of Reşit Paşa in 1858, the Fossati brothers built his mausoleum in the corner of the graveyard in the Bayezit complex. They also renovated Venedik Palace (today the house of the Italian Ambassador) in 1853, and the Dutch Embassy in Beyoğlu in 1854. They built the Spanish (1854) and Iranian (1856) embassies in Istanbul and the Ottomon University, adjacent to the Hagia Sofia. In addition, they built three Italian theaters. One of them was the Naum Theatre, which was built in Galatasaray in 1846, and destroyed by a fire in 1870.
In 1858, the Fossati brothers returned to Switzerland. They built their homes in Morcote in the Turkish style. They are buried in Morcote.
Works in Constantinople
Russian Embassy (1837)
Dârülfünun (1846)
Hazine-i Evrak Building (1846)
Hagia Sophia restoration (1847–49)
Bekir Ağa Bölüğü (1841-1843; now the Faculty of Political Sciences at Istanbul University)
Reşid Paşa Palace (1847)
Lamartine (1850)
Old Darülfünun building (1854)
Hünkâr Dairesi (1855; now the Social Facility at Istanbul University)
Ottoman Ministry of General Education (1865), now the TGC Press Media Museum
The brothers finished primary and middle school in Venice and studied architecture at the Brera Academy in Milan. During his period at the Academy, Gaspari won many prizes. Between 1829 and 1831, Gaspare produced many lithographs of Rome, and produced a catalogue for Leon XII. In around 1833, Gasapari began working for the architectural team of Luigi Rusca in Saint Petersburg, and in 1837, he married Rusca's daughter. (Rusca had died in 1822, but his nephew carried on with Rusca's projects in Saint Petersburg.)[2]
At the end of 1836, Gaspare was appointed to Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), becoming the official court architect and agreed to draw up plans for the Russian Embassy in Constantinople. He recruited his brother-in-law, Alessandro Rusca, and his own 17 year old brother, Guissepe Fossati. He set sail from Odessa, arriving in Constantinople on 20 March 1837. The Fossati brothers' time in Constantinople would mark the beginning of a very productiver period, and Gaspare would enjoy a distinguished career there.[3]
Between 1841 and 1843, the Fossati brothers built the brick Bab-ı Seraskeri Hospital (Bekirağa Bölüğü) and Liman İskelesi Karakolu in Eminönü for the Ottoman Administration. They were appointed to renovate Arzuodası at Babıali in 1844, and to build important buildings in Sultanahmet such as Dârülfünun (university) (1845-1846), Hazine-i Evrak, and Mekteb-i Sanayi (1846-1848). They also built the Church of SS Peter and Paul between 1841 and 1843.[4]
In 1847, Sultan Abdülmecid appointed them to renovate the Hagia Sophia. They completed the restoration in two years, utilizing more than eight hundred workers. They were able to document a larger number of Byzantine mosaics whose precise location within the Hagia Sophia today have not been fully documented since many were either painted over or destroyed often without recording their original location. The drawings of the Hagia Sophia mosaics are kept in the Cantonal Archive of Ticino.[5] Sultan Abdülmecid allowed the brothers to also document any mosaics they might discover during this process which were later archived in Swiss libraries.[6]
The Telgrafhane-i Amire building was built by Giuseppe Fossati in 1855. Upon the death of Reşit Paşa in 1858, the Fossati brothers built his mausoleum in the corner of the graveyard in the Bayezit complex. They also renovated Venedik Palace (today the house of the Italian Ambassador) in 1853, and the Dutch Embassy in Beyoğlu in 1854. They built the Spanish (1854) and Iranian (1856) embassies in Istanbul and the Ottomon University, adjacent to the Hagia Sofia. In addition, they built three Italian theaters. One of them was the Naum Theatre, which was built in Galatasaray in 1846, and destroyed by a fire in 1870.
In 1858, the Fossati brothers returned to Switzerland. They built their homes in Morcote in the Turkish style. They are buried in Morcote.
Works in Constantinople
Russian Embassy (1837)
Dârülfünun (1846)
Hazine-i Evrak Building (1846)
Hagia Sophia restoration (1847–49)
Bekir Ağa Bölüğü (1841-1843; now the Faculty of Political Sciences at Istanbul University)
Reşid Paşa Palace (1847)
Lamartine (1850)
Old Darülfünun building (1854)
Hünkâr Dairesi (1855; now the Social Facility at Istanbul University)
Ottoman Ministry of General Education (1865), now the TGC Press Media Museum
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