Word origin | Kielbasa

Mavi Boncuk | 

kielbasa (n.)
1951, from Polish kiełbasa "sausage" (cognate with Russian kolbasa, Serbo-Croatian kobasica); perhaps from Turkish kül basa, literally "ash-pressed" (cognate with modern Turkish dish külbastı), or possibly from the Hebrew kol basar (כל בשר), literally meaning "all kinds of meat;"[ The origin of the sausage itself is also a mystery. Popular opinion says kielbasa originated in Poland, but some claim it is Ukrainian or possibly from the Rusyns, a Slavic group which originally inhabited the Carpathian Mountain region in modern-day western Ukraine and eastern Slovakia.

kabanosy, a thin, air-dried sausage flavoured with caraway seed, originally made of pork
kielbasa odesskie, made with beef.
kiełbasa wędzona, Polish smoked sausage, used often in soups.
krakowska, a thick, straight sausage hot-smoked with pepper and garlic; its name comes from Kraków
wiejska ([ˈvʲejska]), farmhouse sausage; it is a large U-shaped pork and veal sausage with marjoram and garlic; its name means "rural" or (an adjectival use of) "country", or (adjectival use of) "village".
weselna, "wedding" sausage, medium thick, u-shaped smoked sausage; often eaten during parties, but not exclusively
kaszanka or kiszka is a traditional blood sausage or black pudding.
myśliwska is a smoked, dried pork sausage.
kiełbasa biała, a white sausage sold uncooked and often used in soups.

RECIPE
Külbastı | Grilled Lamb Steak with Turkish Spices 
Chef Ana Sortun of Oleana – Cambridge, MA

Yield: 4 Servings 

Ingredients:
Baharat spice mix:
3 Tablespoons dried oregano
2 Tablespoons ground cinnamon
2 Tablespoons ground nutmeg
2 Tablespoons ground cumin
2 Tablespoons ground coriander
¼ cup dried mint, crushed through a fine sieve
¼ cup ground black pepper
Lamb steaks:
¼ cup Aleppo chiles
¼ cup plus 1 Tablespoon tomato paste
½ cup canola oil
1 Tablespoon chopped garlic
1 Tablespoon baharat spice mix
1 Lamb Top (ask the butcher to cut the bone out and give you the top of the leg of lamb) cut into 4 small steaks (about 5 ounces each)
Method:
For Baharat spice mix:
Mix all ingredients and set aside. 

For lamb steaks:
Combine all ingredients except for lamb and whisk together in a small bowl. Pour marinade over lamb and refrigerate for 2 hours or up to overnight. Remove steaks from marinade and grill to desired degree of doneness. Serve lamb sliced thin and garnish as desired.
Wine pairing:
A spicy red such as the Porcupine Ridge Syrah 2003 from South Africa

Book | Mediterranean Encounters: Trade and Pluralism in Early Modern Galata

Mavi Boncuk |

Mediterranean Encounters: Trade and Pluralism in Early Modern Galata by Fariba Zarinebaf[1]

Hardcover: 424 pages
Publisher: University of California Press; First edition (July 24, 2018)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0520289927
ISBN-13: 978-0520289925

Mediterranean Encounters traces the layered history of Galata—a Mediterranean and Black Sea port—to the Ottoman conquest, and its transformation into a hub of European trade and diplomacy as well as a pluralist society of the early modern period. Framing the history of Ottoman-European encounters within the institution of ahdnames (commercial and diplomatic treaties), this thoughtful book offers a critical perspective on the existing scholarship. For too long, the Ottoman empire has been defined as an absolutist military power driven by religious conviction, culturally and politically apart from the rest of Europe, and devoid of a commercial policy. By taking a close look at Galata, Fariba Zarinebaf provides a different approach based on a history of commerce, coexistence, competition, and collaboration through the lens of Ottoman legal records, diplomatic correspondence, and petitions. She shows that this port was just as cosmopolitan and pluralist as any large European port and argues that the Ottoman world was not peripheral to European modernity but very much part of it.

See also: Crime and Punishment in Istanbul 1700-1800 by Fariba Zarinebaf | January 2011

The idea for writing Mediterranean Encounters was born when I lived as a graduate student in a Bohemian neighborhood in Pera in the 1990s. Pera was the museum of the Ottoman Empire’s European enclave and diplomatic hub. It was still possible to live, feel, and sense the traces of this once cosmopolitan port that had witnessed its own share of a glorious past during the Ottoman era well as war and occupation at the end of the empire through its layered urban tissue and architecture and the rich documentary evidence in the archives.

The book places Galata, the former Genoese colony and European port of Istanbul at the heart of global networks of trade between the Black Sea and Mediterranean ports as well as the caravan trade between Asia and Europe in the early modern period.  It also tackles the rich and growing historiography on Mediterranean ports and places the Ottoman Empire and its port of Galata within it.

Tracing the history of Galata to the late medieval period, I emphasize continuity and change after the Ottoman conquest of Istanbul in 1453. I examine legal institutions of trade such as commercial and diplomatic treaties (ahdnames/capitulations) signed between Ottoman rulers, the Italian city-states and European allies and their role in the promotion of international trade and dispute resolution. I argue that the earlier treaties were bilateral and that the Ottoman state practiced a combination of free trade and protectionist polices in promoting both local and international traders.

As a result of these treaties and Ottoman policies in reviving the economy, Galata/Pera emerged as an important commercial as well as diplomatic hub, catering to international as well as domestic trade.

Based on a study of Islamic court records, petitions submitted to the imperial council and imperial orders as well as travelogues, I study the ebb and flow of trade, its impact on the everyday life of the inhabitants of Galata and Ottoman, European encounters in the public spaces of the marketplace, the courts as well as taverns and coffeehouses. I focus on trade between Galata and Marseille and the role of French traders in international as well as domestic trade and as informal bankers. I show that wars, global competition for trade routes and raw materials, as well as unfavorable treaties could undermine economic life, leading to tensions, violence as well as state led policies against foreigners in Galata in the late eighteenth century. 

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations ix
Acknowledgments xi
Note on Transliteration and Translation xvii
Introduction 1

PART ONE
THE URBAN SETTING
1  A Layered History: From a Genoese Colony to an Ottoman Port 23
2  The Rise of Pera: From Necropolis to Diplomatic and Commercial Hub 68

PART TWO
THE LEGAL AND DIPLOMATIC SETTING
3  Ottoman Ahdnames: Their Origins and Development in the Early Modern Period 91
4  War, Diplomacy, and Trade in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 126

PART THREE
COMMERCIAL AND CULTURAL ENCOUNTERS
5  Feeding Istanbul: The Merchants of Galata and the Provisioning Trade 153
6  Between Galata and Marseille: From Silks and Spices to Colonial Sugar and Coffee 185
7  Sexual and Cultural Encounters in Public and Private Spaces 233

Epilogue: The Unraveling of the French Revolution in Pera 273
Appendix: Archival Documents in English Translation 291
Glossary 297
Notes 303

Bibliography 361


"An outstanding work in early modern Mediterranean history, Fariba Zarinebaf's Mediterranean Encounters explores commercial, legal, and cultural relations in Galata with depth and vigor. This fascinating analysis brings to life the rich history of Galata’s inhabitants—Muslims, Christians and Jews—and carefully examines their relationship to the empire in which they lived, as well as to the empires around them, their commerce, their trading relations, their leisure practices, and their everyday life. Offering a rich and sophisticated reading of sources in three languages, and incorporating research methodologies from microhistory, legal history, urban history, and gender studies, Mediterranean Encounters is a vivid and fascinating history of the city of Istanbul. A marvelous read."—Orit Bashkin, Professor of Modern Middle Eastern History, University of Chicago

"Galata: port of Istanbul, Ottoman-European diplomatic hub, storied home of Istanbul’s nightlife. And yet few comprehensive historical accounts exist. Zarinebaf’s work fills this void in masterly fashion. Her deeply researched book shows us the legal, commercial, and social characteristics of this essential cosmopolitan center in the crucial early modern period."—A. Holly Shissler, Associate Professor of Ottoman and Modern Turkish History, University of Chicago

"In Mediterranean Encounters, Fariba Zarinebaf charts the rise of early modern Istanbul as a commercial center, and its engagement with European imperial powers. Unedited court records vividly bring to life the bustling cacophony of the Ottoman city in all its grittiness and complexity."—Brian A. Catlos, Professor of Religious Studies, University of Colorado, Boulder

"Zarinebaf shows us Ottoman Galata as we have not seen it before, over time and in depth. Her detailed vision of the early modern port highlights its intercommunality. Especially illuminating are her nuanced treatments of the implementation of Ottoman-French treaties and of the interactions among locals and foreigners."—Palmira Brummett, Visiting Scholar in History, Brown University

"Fariba Zarinebaf takes her readers on a grand tour of Galata’s pluralist past and cosmopolitan character. Galata has long deserved a history of its own, and it could not have wished for a better chronicler than Zarinebaf."—Maurits van den Boogert, PhD, author of Aleppo Observed and The Capitulations and the Ottoman Legal System

[1] Dr. Fariba Zarinebaf Professor, Former Director of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies Program at UC-Riverside, 2012-2016. Fariba Zarinebaf is Professor of History at the University of California, Riverside. She is the author of Crime and Punishment in Istanbul, 1700–1800 and coauthor with John Bennet and Jack L. Davis of A Historical and Economic Geography of Ottoman Greece: The Southwestern Morea in the 18th Century. 

Fariba Zarinebaf obtained her B.A. from the University of Illinois at Chicago. She received her Ph.D. in Middle Eastern and Islamic history from the University of Chicago in Islamic history. Before coming to the UC Riverside, Fariba Zarinebaf taught at the University of Virginia, Northwestern University, Bilkent University in Ankara, Turkey and at the University of Illinois at Chicago. She also taught at the University of Chicago.

New Book

My next book project, Galata Encounters, Cosmopolitanism in an Ottoman Port, 1750-1850, which is under contract to the University of California Press, will examine the port of Galata ( Istanbul) as a treaty port and a free trade zone in the early modern period. Setting it in the context of eastern Mediterranean cities, I will trace its layered history to the Byzantine and Genoese periods and will focus on the impact of Ottoman conquest on the former Genoese port. I will examine the transformation of Galata from a Genoese port into a port of trade with Western Europe ( France) and a center of diplomacy in the Levant. Galata was also emerging as an important port of transit trade between the Balkans, imperial Russia and the Mediterranean, thus making it a strategic port in the north- south axis. By the nineteenth century, it was one of the the most cosmopolitan ports in Europe and the Islamic world.

INTERESTS

I am interested in the social and urban history of the Ottoman Empire and Iran. Filling an important gap in Ottoman studies, my book, Crime and Punishment in Istanbul, 1700-1800, published by the University of California Press in 2010, examines the history of violence, criminality, policing and punishment in Istanbul from the eighteenth to the early nineteenth centuries. Mapping urban violence and crime in Istanbul's multi-ethnic and diverse social landscape, this study links violence and crime to political, economic and social transformations in the Mediterranean's largest metropolis. My work seeks to normalize the history of Istanbul through the lens of Istanbul's police records, Islamic court documents, Ottoman narrative sources and European travelogues. I also argue that contrary to the existing trajectories of Ottoman modernization based on Western models alone, the Ottoman legal system based on the shari'a, custom, and kanun continued to exert influence on the penal code well into the twentieth century. The system of Ottoman justice allowed for constant negotiation between communal courts, the kadi court and the imperial council. Moreover, the role of state in punishing crime and policing expanded in the eighteenth century contrary to the proponents of Ottoman decentralization theory. The Ottoman state was not too different from its Western counterparts in controlling and disciplining its unruly population, sexual transgressions, and various categories of crime at times of social and political unrest.

My next project will focus on cosmoplitanism and modernity in Istanbul during the nineteenth century. I am also working on expanding my dissertation to study Azerbaijan between two empires (the Safavid and Ottoman) and examnine the history of a borderland region in the early modern period. I am also writing a Memoir of growing up in Pre-Revolutionary Iran.

My other interests include Islamic history and civilization; The Ottoman Empire and Iran; Gender in Middle Eastern history; Islamic Legal history; Urban and social history of  the Ottoman empire and Iran; Crime and policing in Istanbul; Ottoman Greece; Inter-communal relations in Istanbul; Azerbaijan and the Caucasus; History of women's charity and philanthropy in the Middle East; Modernity and Sexuality in the Middle East; Persian literature.

Word Origins | Origin of the words in Turkish

Mavi Boncuk | Turkish is the worlds number 5 ranking language based on number of users and 18th most important by multiple criteria.

Origin of the words in Turkish vocabulary, which contains 104,481 words, of which about 86% are Turkish and 14% are of foreign origin

Word Origins | English words of Turkic origin TUYZ

Mavi Boncuk |

T

Taiga

from Russian taiga, of Turkic origin; akin to Teleut taiga "rocky, mountainous terrain", Turkish dağ "mountain"; Mongolian origin is also possible.

Taramasalata

from modern Greek taramas "preserved roe", from Turkish tarama "preparation of soft roe or red caviar" + salata "salad".

Taranchi

from Chagatai Taranci, literally "a farmer".

Tarantass

from Russian tarantas, which is from Kazan Tatar tarıntas.

Tarbagan

from Russian, which is from Teleut. A rodent

Tarbush

from Arabic tarbūsh, from Ottoman Turkish terposh, probably from Persian sarposh "headdress" (equivalent to sar "head" + pūsh "covering"), by association with Turkish ter "sweat". A tasseled cap of cloth or felt, usually red, that is worn by Muslim men either by itself or as the inner part of the turban.

Tarkhan

from Old Turkic tarkan, a privileged class.

Tarpan

from Russian, which is from Kirghiz or Kazakh tarpan.

Tartar

from Persian Tatar, of Turkic origin. A ferocious or violent person - Latin, from "Tartarus" - evil, hell.

Tau-saghyz

from Russian tau-sagyz, from Turkic tau-sagız, from tau "mountain" + sagız "gum, rubber".

Tavla

from Turkish tavla, a version of the board game backgammon.

Tekke

from Turkish tekke, a dervish monastery.

Tenge

from Kazakh teŋge "coin, ruble".

Tepe

from Turkish tepe, literally "a hill, summit". An artificial mound.

Terek

from Terek, river of southeast Russia, which is from Balkar Terk. A sandpiper of the Old World breeding in the far north of eastern Europe and Asia and migrating to southern Africa and Australia and frequenting rivers.

Theorbo

from Italian tiorba, which is from Turkish torba "a bag".

Toman

from Persian تومان, which is from Turkic tümen, "a unit of ten thousand".

Tovarich

from Russian tovarishch, from Old East Slavic tovarishch, sing. of tovarishchi, "business associates", which is from Old Turkic tavar ishchi, "businessman, merchant" : tavar, "wealth, trade" + ishchi, "one who works" (from ish, "work, business").

Tughra

from Turkish tuğra, an elaborate monogram formed of the Sultan's name and titles.

Tungus

a member of the Tungusic people; from Russian, from East Turkic tunguz, "wild pig, boar", from Old Turkic tonguz.

Turk

from Turkish türk, which has several meanings in English.

Turki

from Persian turki, from Turk, "Turk", from Turkish Türk.

Turquoise

from Middle English Turkeys, from Anglo-French turkeise, from feminine of turkeis Turkish, from Turc Turkish.

Tuzla

from Turkish tuzla, from the name of Lake Tuz in Turkey. A central Anatolian rug.

Tzatziki

from modern Greek tsatsiki, which is from Turkish cacık.

U

Ugrian

from Old East Slavic Ugre, which means "Hungarians", of Turkic origin.

Uhlan

from Turkish oğlan "a boy, servant".

Urdu

from Hindustani Urdu "camp", which is from Turkic ordu (source of horde).

Urman

from Russian, which is from Kazan Tatar urman, "a forest", synonymous with taiga;[268] Turkish word orman.

Ushak

from Ushak, Turkish Uşak, manufacturing town of western Turkey. A heavy woolen oriental rug tied in Ghiordes knots and characterized by bright primary colors and an elaborate medallion pattern.

Y

Yardang

from Turkic yardang, ablative of yar "steep bank, precipice".

Yarmulka

of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish yağmurluk which means "rainwear".

Yashmak or yashmac

from Turkish yaşmak.

Yataghan

from Turkish yatağan.

Yogurt

from Turkish yoğurt.(yogurt on wiktionary)

Yurt

from Turkic yurt, which means "a dwelling place".

Yuruk

from Turkish yürük, "a nomad". 1. One of a nomadic shepherd people of the mountains of southeastern Anatolia. 2. A Turkish rug from the Konya and Karaman regions, southeastern Anatolia.

Z

Zill

from Turkish zil "bell, cymbals", of onomatopoeic origin.

Word Origins | English words of Turkic origin OPQRS

Mavi Boncuk |

O

Odalisque with a slave, 1842.

Oda

from Turkish oda, literally "a room, chamber". A room in a harem.

Odalisque

from French, which is from Turkish odalık, from oda, "a room"

Oghuz or Ghuz

from Turkic oghuz. A descendant of certain early Turkic invaders of Persia.

Osmanli

from Turkish osmanlı, from Osman, founder of the Ottoman Empire + lı "of or pertaining to"

Ottoman

is a form of couch which usually has a head but no back, though sometimes it has neither. It may have square or semicircular ends, and as a rule it is what upholsterers call "overstuffed” — that is to say no wood is visible. In American English, an ottoman is a piece of furniture consisting of a padded, upholstered ...

Ottoman

from French, adjective & noun, probably from Italian ottomano, from Turkish osmani, from Osman, Othman died 1326, founder of the Ottoman Empire [195]

P

Paklava

modification of Turkish baklava

Parandja

from Uzbek, a heavy black horsehair veil worn by women of Central Asia.

Pasha

from Turkish paşa, earlier basha, from bash "head, chief" which equates to "Sir"

Pashalic

from Turkish paşalık, "title or rank of pasha", from paşa: the jurisdiction of a pasha or the territory governed by him

Pastrami

from Yiddish pastrame, from Romanian pastrama, ultimately from Turkish pastırma

Petcheneg

from Russian pecheneg, which is from Turkic. Member of a Turkic people invading the South Russian, Danubian, and Moldavian steppes during the early Middle Ages.

Pilaf

from Turkish pilav, and ultimately from Sanskrit pulāka- (पुलाक), "lump of boiled rice"

Pirogi

from Yiddish, from Russian, plural of pirog (pie), perhaps borrowed from Kazan Tatar, (cf. Turk. börek)

Pul

from Persian pul, which is from Turkish pul. A unit of value of Afghanistan equal to 1/100 Afghani.

Q

Qajar or Kajar

from Persian Qajar, of Turkish origin. A people of northern Iran holding political supremacy through the dynasty ruling Persia from 1794 to 1925.

Quiver

from Anglo-French quiveir, from Old French quivre, probably ultimately from the Hunnic language,[208] kubur in Old Turkish

R

Rumelia

from Turkish Rumeli, "land of Romans"

S

Sarma, a kind of dolma, is a classic of Turkish cuisine.

Sabot

from Old French çabot, alteration of savate "old shoe", probably of Turkish or Arabic origin.

Saic

from French saïque, from Turkish shaika.

Saiga

from Russian saĭgá(k), from Turkic; cf. Chagatai sayğak

Saker

through Old French from Arabic saqr, probably from Turkic sonqur, which means "a falcon".

Samiel

from Turkish samyeli, sam, "poisonous" + yel, "wind".

Sanjak

from Turkish sancak, which means "a banner"

Sarma

from Turkish sarma, which means "wrapping"

Saxaul

from Russian saksaul, which is from Kazakh seksevil. A leafless xerophytic shrub or tree of the family Chenopodiaceae of Asia that has green or greenish branches and is used for stabilization of desert soils.[219][220]

Selamlik

from Turkish Selamlık.

Seljuk

from Turkish Selçuk, "eponymous ancestor of the dynasties". Of or relating to any of several Turkic dynasties that ruled over a great part of western Asia in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries.

Seraskier

from Turkish serasker, from Persian ser "head, chief" + Arabic asker "an army".

Sevdalinka

originally Arabic sawda, via Turkish sevda, "black bile". Genre of Balkan folk-music

Sevruga

through Russian sevryuga ultimately from Tatar söirök.

Shabrack

from French schabraque, from German schabracke, from Hungarian csáprág, from Turkish çaprak

Shagreen

from Turkish sağrı, which means "the back of a horse"

Shaman

from Turkic word šamán

Shashlik

from Russian шашлык, which is from Crimean Tatar şışlık, which means "shish kebab"

Shawarma

ultimately from Turkish çevirme, which literally means "turning"

Shish

from Turkish şiş, which literally means "a skewer"

Shish kebab

from Turkish şiş kebabı

Shor

from Russian, of Turko-Mongol origin; akin to Kalmyk & Mongolian sor "salt", Turkish sure "brackish soil". A salt lake in Turkestan, a salina.

Som

from Kirghiz, "crude iron casting, ruble"

Sofa

a long upholstered seat with a back and arms, for two or more people.

Word Origins | English words of Turkic origin IJKLMN

Mavi Boncuk |
I
Imam bayildi
from Turkish imambayıldı, "the imam fainted", an eggplant dish prepared with olive oil.
Imbat
from Turkish imbat, a cooling etesian wind in the Levant (as in Cyprus).
J
Janissary
from Turkish yeniçeri, which means "a new soldier" [129] (janissary on wiktionary)
Jarlig
from Mongolian: зарлиг, zarlig via Russian iarlyk
Jelick
from Turkish yelek, the bodice or vest of a Turkish woman's dress.
Jettru
from Turkic, a union of seven Turkic peoples of Central Asia formed at the end of the 17th or beginning of the 18th century under one khan.
K

A konak in Safranbolu, Karabük.
Kadiluk
from Ottoman Turkish kadı, "judge"
Kaftan
from Turkish kaftan (also in Persian) 
Kaique
from Turkish kayık, an alternative form of caïque.
Kalderimi
from Ottoman Turkish kaldırım, "paved road"
Kalpak
from Turkish kalpak
Kangal
from Turkish kangal or sivas kangal köpeği 
Karabagh
A type of rug, named after the Karabagh region in the Caucasus.
Karabash
from Turkish karabaş, literally "a blackhead" 
Karadagh
from Azeri Karadagh, a mountain range in Azerbaijan province, northwestern Iran. a Persian rug having a bold design and rich coloring.
Karagane
from Russian karagan, which is from Turkic karagan. A species of gray fox found in Russia.
Karakul
from Uzbek karakul, literally a village in Uzbekistan 
Karakurt
from Russian, of Turkic origin, karakurt, "a venomous spider".
Kasseri
from New Greek kaseri, from Turkish kaşer, kaşar 
Kavass
from Turkish kavas 
Kazak
from Kazak, a town in Azerbaijan, an Oriental rug in bold colors with geometric designs or stylized plant and animal forms.
Kefir
from Russian, probably ultimately from Old Turkic köpür, "milk, froth, foam", from köpürmäk, "to froth, foam".
Kelek
from Turkish kelek, a raft or float supported on inflated animal skins.[
Kendyr
from Russian kendyr, from Turkish kendir. A strong bast fiber that resembles Indian hemp and is used in Asia as cordage and as a substitute for cotton and hemp.
Ketch
probably from Middle English cacchen "to capture", or perhaps from Turkish kayık "a boat, skiff".
Khagan
from Turkic kaghan, an alternative form of khan 
Khan
from Turkic khan, akin to Turkish han (title meaning "ruler") 
Khanum
from Turkic khanum, akin to Turkish hanım, "a female derivation of Khan" 
Khatun
from Turkic khatūn, perhaps from Old Turkic or from Sogdian kwat'yn, "a queen" 
Kibitka
from Russian, of Turkic origin; akin to Kazan Tatar kibit "booth, stall, tent", Uyghur käbit
Kielbasa
from Polish kiełbasa, from East and West Slavic *kŭlbasa, from East Turkic kül bassï, "grilled cutlet", from Turkic kül bastï : kül, "coals, ashes" + bastï, "pressed (meat)" (from basmaq, to press) 
Kilij
from Turkish kılıç, a Turkish saber with a crescent-shaped blade.
Kiosk
from Turkish köşk, an open summerhouse or pavilion 
Kipchak
from Russian, which is from Chagatai. 1. One of the ancient Turkic peoples of the Golden Horde related to the Uyghurs and Kyrgyz. 2. The Turkic language of the Kipchaks.
Kis Kilim
from Turkish kızkilim, a kind of carpet.
Kizilbash
from Turkish kızılbaş, literally "a red head" 
Knish
from Yiddish, from Ukrainian knysh, probably of Turkic origin.
Kok-saghyz
from Russian kok-sagyz, from Turkic kök-sagız, from kök "root" + sagız "rubber, gum" 
Komitadji
from Turkish komitacı, a rebel, member of a secret revolutionary society.
Konak
from Turkish konak, a large house in Turkey.
Krym-saghyz
from Russian krym-sagyz, of Turkic origin, from Krym "Crimea",[172] + sagız "rubber, gum".
Kulah
from Turkish Kula, a town in western Turkey. A Turkish rug that is often a prayer rug and that uses the Ghiordes knot.
Kulak
from Russian kulak "a fist", of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish kol "arm".
Kulan
from Kirghiz kulan, "the wild ass of the Kirghiz steppe".
Kumiss
from Turkic kumyz or kumis (kumiss on wiktionary)
Kurbash
from Turkish kırbaç 
Kurgan
from Russian, of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish kurgan "fortress, castle"
Kurus
from Turkish kuruş, a Turkish piaster equal to 1/100 lira.
L
Lackey
from French laquais, from Spanish lacayo, ultimately from Turkish ulak, which means "runner" or "courier".
Ladik
from Turkish Ladik, a village in Turkey. A rug of fine texture woven in and near Ladik in central Anatolia.
Latten
from Middle English latoun, laton, from Middle French laton, leton, from Old Provençal, from Arabic latun, of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish altın "gold" 
Lokshen
from Yiddish, plural of loksh "noodle", from Russian dial. loksha, of Turkic origin; akin to Uyghur & Kazan Tatar lakca "noodles", Chuvash läskä.
M
Mammoth
from Russian mamot, mamont, mamant, perhaps from a Yakut word derived from Yakut mamma "earth"; from the belief that the mammoths burrowed in the earth like moles.
Martagon
from Middle English, from Old French, from Old Spanish, from Ottoman Turkish martagan, "a kind of turban".[188]
Merdiban
an accounting method used by the Ottoman Empire, Abbasid empire, and the Ilkhanate; from a word meaning "Ladder" or "Staircase".
N
Nagaika
from Russian, of Turkic origin; akin to Kirghiz nogai

Word Origins | English words of Turkic origin DEFGH

Mavi Boncuk |

D

Desemer

from German, from Low German, alteration of Middle Low German bisemer, besemer, of Baltic origin; akin to Lithuanian bezmnas, of Slavic origin; akin to Old East Slavic bezmenu "desemer, small weight", Polish bezmian, przezmian "balance without pans", perhaps of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish batman "small weight". An ancient balance.

Devshirmeh

from Turkish devşirme, which means "gathering"

Dey

from Turkish dayı, literally "a maternal uncle"

Dolma

from Turkish dolma, which means "filled" or "stuffed"

Dolman

ultimately from Turkish dolaman, a robe, from dolamak "to wind"

Dolmus, also Dolmush

from Turkish dolmuş, a share taxi

Domra

from Kazakh dombra, a musical instrument

Doner kebab

(Canadian: donair) from Turkish döner kebap

Donmeh

from Turkish dönme, which literally means "a convert"

Donum

from Turkish dönüm, an alternative form of dunam

Doodle

from German dudeln "to play (the bagpipe)", from dudel "a bagpipe", from Czech or Polish dudy "a bagpipe", from Turkish düdük "a flute".

Dunam

from Turkish dönüm, from dönmek "go round"

E

Elchee or elchi

from Turkish elçi, which means "an ambassador".

Eleme figs

from Turkish eleme "selected, sifted". Smyrna figs of superior quality packed flat.

F

Fez

from Turkish fes

G

Galiongee

from Turkish kalyonçi, kalyoncu, "a Turkish sailor", from kalyon, Italian galeone + çi or cu, the Turkish suffix.[

Ganch

modification of Turkish kancalamak "to put on a hook", from Turkish kanca "large hook", modification of Greek gampsos "curved" + Turkish suffix -lamak.

Giaour

from Turkish gâvur

Gilet

from French, from Spanish gileco, jaleco, chaleco, from Arabic jalikah, "a garment worn by slaves in Algeria", from Turkish yelek "waistcoat, vest"

H

Hajduk

from Ottoman Turkish haydut, "bandit, soldier"

Harambaša

from Turkish haramibaşı, "bandit leader" (from harami, "bandit" + baş, "head")

Haremlik

from Turkish haremlik, from harem (from Arabic harim & Arabic haram) + the Turkish suffix -lik "a place"

Horde

from Turkic ordu or orda ("khan's residence") (Horde on wiktionary)

Hun

from Medieval Latin Hunni, supposedly ultimately from Turkic Hun-yü, the name of a tribe.

Hungary

most directly from Latin, ultimately from Turkic, c.f. Onogur.

Word Origins | English words of Turkic origin ABC

Languages of Turkic peoples left numerous traces in different languages, including the English language. Turkic borrowings, which belong to the social and political vocabulary, are generally used in special literature and in the historical and ethnographical works, which relate to the life of Turkic and Muslim peoples. The ethnographical words are generally used in the scientific literature, and in the historical and ethnographical texts.

The adoption of Indian (principally Hindustani) words, among which there were some Turkic borrowings, became one of the ways for the words of the Turkic origin to penetrate English. Additionally, several words of Turkic origin penetrated English through Eastern European languages like Russian and Polish. Albanian, German, Latin, Spanish, Italian, French, Hungarian and Serbo-Croatian were also intermediary languages for the Turkic words to penetrate English, as well as containing numerous Turkic loanwords themselves (e.g. Serbo-Croatian contains around 5,000 Turkic loanwords, primarily from Turkish [1]).

In the nineteenth century, Turkic loanwords, generally of Turkish origin, began to penetrate not only through the writings of the travelers, diplomats and merchants, and through the ethnographical and historical works, but also through the press. In 1847, there were two English-language newspapers in Istanbul – The Levant Herald and The Levant Times, seven newspapers in French, one in German and 37 in Turkish. Turkish contributed the largest share of the Turkic loans, which penetrated into the English directly. This can be explained by the fact that Turkey had the most intensive and wide connections with England. Nevertheless, there are many Turkic loans in English, which were borrowed by its contacts with other peoples – Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Uzbeks, Kazakhs and Kirghiz.

Most of the Turkic loans in English carry exotic or ethnographical connotations. They do not have equivalents in English, do not have synonymic relations with primordial words, and generally are used to describe the fauna, flora, life customs, political and social life, and an administrative-territorial structure of Turkic regions. But there are many Turkic loans, which are still part of the frequently used vocabulary. Some Turkic loans have acquired new meanings, unrelated to their etymology.

To conclude, the words of the Turkic origin began penetrating English as early as the Middle Ages, the Turkic loanwords found their way into English through other languages, most frequently through French. Since the 16c, beginning from the time of the establishment of the direct contacts between England and Turkey, and Russia, in English appeared new direct borrowings from Turkic languages. German, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, French, Arabic, Armenian, Afrikaans, Hungarian, Yiddish, Hindustani, Spanish, Italian, Latin, Malayan, to a different extent, took part in the process of the transfer of the Turkic words into English. The main language from which the borrowings were made, was Turkish.

Mavi Boncuk |

A

Afshar
from Turkic Afshar, "a Turkic tribe living majorly in Kerman province of Iran". A Shiraz rug of coarse weave.
Aga or Agha
from Turkish ağa, a title of rank, especially in Turkey.
Aga Khan
from Turkic agha and khan, the divinely ordained head of the Nizari branch of Isma'ili Shi'a Islam.
Agaluk
from Turkish Ağalık, a feudal unit of the Ottoman Empire
Airan
from Turkish ayran 
Akbash
from Turkish akbaş, literally "a whitehead" 
Akche
from Turkish akçe, also asper, an Ottoman monetary unit consisted of small silver coins.
Akhissar
from Turkish Akhisar, a city in Manisa Province, Turkey near İzmir. A kind of heavy modern carpet made at Akhisar.
Altay
from the Altai Mountains of Central Asia, which is from Turkic-Mongolian altan, meaning "golden". 1. the Altai horse 2. the Altay sheep
Altilik
from Turkish altılık. A coin formerly used in Turkey, originally silver, equivalent to six piastres.
Araba
(from Arabic: عربة‎ ʿarabah or the Turkish loan form araba, arba or aroba). A horse-driven carriage.
Arnaut
from Turkish arnavut, "an Albanian". An inhabitant of Albania and neighboring mountainous regions, especially an Albanian serving in the Turkish army.
Aslan
from Turkish Aslan, "lion".
Astrakhan
from Astrakhan, Russia, which is from Tatar or Kazakh hadžitarkhan, or As-tarxan (tarkhan of As or Alans) Karakul sheep of Russian origin or a cloth with a pile resembling karakul.
Atabeg
from Turkic atabeg, from ata, "a father" + beg "a prince".
Atabek
from Turkic, an alternative form of Atabeg.
Ataghan
from Turkish yatağan, an alternative form of yatagan.
Ataman
from Russian, from South Turkic ataman, "leader of an armed band" : ata, "father" + -man, augmentative suffix.[24]
Aul
Russian, from the Tatar and Kyrgyz languages.
Ayran
see Airan

B

Pieces of baklava.
Bahadur
from Hindi bahādur "brave, brave person", from Persian, probably from Mongolian, cf. Classical Mongolian baγatur, which is from Turkic, perhaps originally a Turkic personal name.
Bairam
from Turkish bayram, literally "a festival" 
Baklava
from Turkish baklava 
Balaclava
from Balaklava, village in the Crimea, which is from Turkish balıklava. A hoodlike knitted cap covering the head, neck, and part of the shoulders and worn especially by soldiers and mountaineers.
Balalaika
from Russian balalaika, of Turkic origin.
Balkan
from Turkish balkan "a mountain chain", relating to the states of the Balkan Peninsula, or their peoples, languages, or cultures.
Bamia
from Turkish bamya.
Ban
from Romanian, from Serbo-Croatian ban, "lord", which is from Turkic bayan, "very rich person" : bay, "rich" + -an, intensive suff.
Barbotte
from Canadian French barbotte, which is from Turkish barbut. A dice game 
Barchan/Barkhan
from Russian, which is from Kirghiz barkhan. A moving sand dune shaped like a crescent and found in several very dry regions of the world 
Bashaw
from Turkish başa, a variant of pasha 
Bashi-bazouk
from Turkish başıbozuk 
Bashlyk
from Turkish başlık, "a hood", from baş, "a head" 
Batman
from Turkish batman. Any of various old Persian or Turkish units of weight 
Beetewk
from Russian bityug, bityuk, which is from Turkic bitük, akin to Chagatai bitü, Uzbek bitäü. A Russian breed of heavy draft horses.
Beg
from Turkic beg, an alternative form of bey 
Beglerbeg
from Turkish beylerbeyi, a variant of beylerbey 
Begum
from Urdu begam, which is from East Turkic begüm 
Behcet
from the name of Turkish scientist Hulusi Behçet, a multisystem, chronic recurrent disease.
Bektashi
from Turkish bektaşi 
Bergamot
from French bergamote, from Italian bergamotta, ultimately from Turkish bey armudu, literally, "the bey's pear" 
Bey
from Turkish bey 
Beylerbey
from Turkish beylerbeyi 
Beylik
from Turkish beylik 
Binbashi
from Turkish binbaşı, "chief of a thousand", bin "thousand" + bash "head". (Mil.) A major in the Turkish army.
Bogatyr
from Russian bogatyr "hero, athlete, warrior", from Old Russian bogatyri, of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish batur "brave" 
Borek
from Turkish börek, ultimately from root bur-, "twisted"
Borunduk
from Russian burunduk, which is from Mari uromdok or from Turkic burunduk. A Siberian ground squirrel.[58][59][60]
Bosa or boza
from Turkish boza, a fermented drink 
Bosh
from Turkish boş, which means "nonsense, empty"  (Bosh on wiktionary)
Bostanji
from Turkish bostancı, literally "a gardener" 
Bouzouki
from modern Greek mpouzoúki, which is from Turkish bozuk "broken, ruined, depraved" or büzük "constricted, puckered".
Boyar
from Russian boyarin, from Old Russian boljarin, from Turkic baylar, plural of bay, "rich"; akin to Turkish bay, "rich, gentleman".
Bridge game
the word came into English from the Russian word, biritch, which in turn originates from a Turkic word for "bugler" (in modern Turkish: borucu, borazancı) or might have come from a Turkish term bir, üç, or "one, three" [67]
Bugger
from Middle English bougre, "heretic", from Old French boulgre, from Medieval Latin Bulgarus, from Greek Boulgaros, "Bulgarian", probably ultimately from Turkic bulghar, "of mixed origin, promiscuous" or "rebels", from bulgamaq, "to mix, stir, stir up".
Bulgar
from Bolgar, Bolghar, former kingdom on the Volga river around Kazan (see bugger). A Russia leather originally from Bolgar.
Bulgur
from Turkish bulgur, which means "pounded wheat" 
Buran
from Russian buran, of Turkic origin, probably from Tatar buran 
Burka
from Russian, probably from buryi "dark brown (of a horse)", probably of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish bur "red like a fox"; the Turkic word probably from Persian bor "reddish brown"; akin to Sanskrit babhru "reddish brown".

C

Dervishes wearing calpacks.
Cafeneh
from Turkish kahvane, kahvehane "a coffee shop, café", from kahve "coffee" + hane "house" 
Caïque
from Turkish kayık [79]
Caiquejee
alteration (influenced by caique) of earlier caikjee, from Turkish kayıkçı, "a boatman" 
Calpack
from Turkish kalpak 
Caracal
from Turkish karakulak, which means "black ear" 
Caraco
from French, perhaps from Turkish kerrake "alpaca coat". A woman's short coat or jacket usually about waist length.
Caracul
from Uzbek karakul, an alteration of karakul 
Caragana
from New Latin, of Turkic origin; akin to Kirghiz karaghan "Siberian pea tree".
Caramoussal
from Turkish karamürsel, karamusal, perhaps from kara "black" + mürsel "envoy, apostle" 
Casaba
from Turkish Kasaba, a small town with 2.000 to 20.000 people in Turkey 
Cassock
from Middle French casaque "long coat", probably ultimately from Turkic quzzak "nomad, adventurer" (the source of Cossack), an allusion to their typical riding coat. Or perhaps from Arabic kazagand, from Persian kazhagand "padded coat".
Cham
from French, which is from Turkish khan, "lord, prince" 
Chekmak
from Turkish, a Turkish fabric of silk and cotton, with gold thread interwoven.
Chelengk
from Ottoman Turkish çelenk, a bird's feather used as a sign of bravery
Chiaus
from Turkish çavuş.
Chibouk
from Turkish çubuk.
Choga
from Sindhi, of Turko-Mongol origin; akin to Turkish çuha "cloth". A long-sleeved long-skirted cloak for men worn mainly in India and Pakistan.
Chouse
perhaps from Turkish çavuş "a doorkeeper, messenger" 
Coffee
from Ottoman Turkish kahve via Italian caffè[
Corsac
from Russian korsak, from Kirghiz karsak, "a small yellowish brown bushy-tailed fox" 
Cosaque
from French, literally, "Cossack", from Russian Kazak & Ukrainian kozak, which is from Turkic Kazak. A cracker.
Cossack
from Turkic quzzaq which means "adventurer, guerilla, nomad"  (Cossack on wiktionary)

In Memoriam | Gülriz Sururi (1929 – 2018)

Pictured Engin Cezzar, Gülruz Sururi and James Baldwin[1] in Istanbul

Veteran theater actress and director Gülriz Sururi died on Dec. 31. She was 90. 

Her foster daughter, Zeynep Miraç Özkartal, said, “We followed her will as she wanted a silent funeral ceremony. She wanted us to announce her death after the funeral ceremony. She had been suffering from problems with her digestive system for some time and we lost her yesterday [Dec. 31]. We cannot share any other information out of respect for her will.” She was buried next to her husband (m. 1968–1997) Engin Cezzar.[2]

Mavi Boncuk |

Gülriz (Gülruz) Sururi (24 July 1929 – 31 December 2018) was a Turkish drama actress and author. She presented a TV cooking show and co-owned a theatre.

She was born in İstanbul, Turkey on 24 July 1929. Her father Lütfullah was the founder of the first Turkish Musical theatre and her mother Suzan was a prima donna.

She studied acting and singing at the Municipal Conservatoire of Istanbul. In 1942, she began her drama career at the Children's Section of the City Theatre of Istanbul accepting the advise of the theatre director Muhsin Ertuğrul (1892–1979). In 1955, she took the stage at Muammer Karaca Theatre. Sururi transferred to Haldun Dormen Theatre in 1960. In 1962, she founded with Engin Cezzar their own theatre bearing their names.

She was named "The Woman of the Year" by the Turkish Women's Association in 1966. On 18 September 1968, she married to Engin Cezzar. In the 1990s, she presented five years long a cooking show A La Luna in the television channel TRT. In 1998, she was given the honorary title of state artist by the Ministry of Culture. She ended her acting career after the play Söyleyeceklerim Var in 1999.

Performances (selected)

1997 Söyleyeceklerim Var (1999) – Gülriz Sururi-Engin Cezzar Theatre

1983 Kaldırım Serçesi (by Başar Sabuncu from Edith Piaf's autobiography) – Gülriz Sururi-Engin Cezzar Theatre

1980 Kabare (by Joe Masteroff) – Gülriz Sururi-Engin Cezzar Theatre

Ferhat İle Şirin – Gülriz Sururi-Engin Cezzar Theatre

1966 Teneke (by Yaşar Kemal) – Gülriz Sururi-Engin Cezzar Theatre

1963 Keşanlı Ali Destanı (by Haldun Taner) – Gülriz Sururi-Engin Cezzar Theatre

Zilli Zarife – Gülriz Sururi-Engin Cezzar Theatre

1961 Sokak Kızı İrma (by Alexandre Breffort, Marguerite Monnot) – Dormen Theatre

1959 Sözde Melekler – Dormen Theatre

Plays directed (selected)

Kısmet ("Chance") (play) – State Theatre of Adana

Fosforlu Cevriye ("Cevriye the Luminous") (musical) – State Theatre of Ankara

Biz Sıfırdan Başladık ("We Started from Scratch") – Konçinalar Company

Books

Kıldan İnce Kılıçtan Keskince ("Thinner than the Hair, Sharper than the Sword") (1978) (memoir)

Biz Kadınlar ("We Women") (1987) (essay)

Bir An Gelir ("The Moment Comes") (2003) (memoir)

Girmediğim Sokaklarda ("In The Streets I've Never Been To") (2003) (story)

Gülriz'in Mutfağından ("From Gülriz's Cuisine") (2003) (cook book)

Seni Seviyorum ("I love You") (2004) (novel)

[1] Another Country James Baldwin’s flight from America. 
By Claudia Roth Pierpont 

 Feeling more than usually restless, James Baldwin flew from New York to Paris in the late summer of 1961, and from there to Israel. Then, rather than proceed as he had planned to Africa—a part of the world he was not ready to confront—he decided to visit a friend in Istanbul. Baldwin’s arrival at his Turkish friend’s door, in the midst of a party, was, as the friend recalled, a great surprise: two rings of the bell, and there stood a small and bedraggled black man with a battered suitcase and enormous eyes. 

Engin Cezzar was a Turkish actor who had worked with Baldwin in New York, and he excitedly introduced “Jimmy Baldwin, of literary fame, the famous black American novelist” to the roomful of intellectuals and artists. Baldwin, in his element, eventually fell asleep in an actress’s lap. It soon became clear that Baldwin was in terrible shape: exhausted, in poor health, worried that he was losing sight of his aims both as a writer and as a man. He desperately needed to be taken care of, Cezzar said; or, in the more dramatic terms that Baldwin used throughout his life, to be saved. His suitcase contained the manuscript of a long and ambitious novel that he had been working on for years, and that had already brought him to the brink of suicide. Of the many things that the wandering writer hoped to find—friends, rest, peace of mind—his single overwhelming need, his only real hope of salvation, was to finish the book.  MORE at NEW YORKER

Baldwin at a typewriter in his Istanbul apartment. (Sedat Pakay)

Baldwin made an impression in Turkey, too, where he lived off and on for a decade or so, beginning in 1961 — though his footprints, these days, can be hard to find. His overlooked sojourn was a period of prodigious creative production and collaboration with Turkish artists, in a place he came to regard as a sanctuary — despite Turkey’s own political turbulence — from the racism, homophobia and scarring civil rights struggle back home.

He could no longer work in the United States, he told his friend, the drama critic Zeynep Oral. “I can’t breathe,” she quoted him as saying. “I have to look from outside.” Istanbul, a refuge for exiles, immigrants and wanderers that reminded Baldwin of Harlem, was in many ways an ideal vantage point. “Located on the margin of continents — between Europe and Asia, in the vicinity of Africa and the Middle East — Turkey provided a haven where Baldwin worked on some of his most important, and arguably most American, works,” Magdalena Zaborowska, a professor of African American and immigrant literature at the University of Michigan, wrote in her book “James Baldwin’s Turkish Decade: Erotics of Exile.” 

Baldwin stands on a bridge overlooking the Golden Horn. (Sedat Pakay)

 Baldwin completed the novel “Another Country” and wrote the essays that became “No Name in the Street” in Turkey. He directed a play on prison life in Turkey — though he spoke the language haltingly — and supported friends putting on a production of “Hair.” His salon included the jazz singer Bertice Reading, and trumpeter Don Cherry, who played at Baldwin’s legendary parties in Istanbul. Marlon Brando and Alex Haley visited his home on the Bosporus.(More at SOURCE)


[2] Engin Cezzar was born in Istanbul in 1940. He started having an interest in theater when he studied at Robert College in Istanbul. He went to the USA and studied at Yale Drama School and the Actors Studio. He debuted in the Istanbul Municipality Theatre with the role of Hamlet. Later, he founded “Gülriz Sururi – Engin Cezzar Theatre” with Gülriz Sururi, where he served as a director and actor. Cezzar also performed and worked at the Dormen Theatre, the Devekuşu Kabare, the Istanbul State Theatre and the Antalya State Theatre. He has performed in films and TV dramas as well. He directed and produced the film “Kaldırım Serçesi” and “Ayşe Opereti”, which was written by his wife Gülriz Sururi. There is a biographic book “Engin Cezzar’ı Takdimimdir” written by İzeddin Çalışlar (2005).

Actor:
Kız Tavlama Sanatı, Ayak Takım Arasında, Teneke, Keşanlı Ali Destanı, Midas’ın Kulakları, Canlı Maymun Lokantası, Otello, Hamlet

Director:
Ayşe Opereti, Kadı

Filmography:
1981, Bay Alkolü Takdimimdir
1988, Time Line
1988, Keşanlı Ali Destanı
1989, Kaldırım Serçesi
2000, Hızır Bey
2002, Abdülhamit Düşerken
2006, Sağır Oda
2009, Arvas