The adoption of Indian (principally Hindustani) words, among which there were some Turkic borrowings, became one of the ways for the words of the Turkic origin to penetrate English. Additionally, several words of Turkic origin penetrated English through Eastern European languages like Russian and Polish. Albanian, German, Latin, Spanish, Italian, French, Hungarian and Serbo-Croatian were also intermediary languages for the Turkic words to penetrate English, as well as containing numerous Turkic loanwords themselves (e.g. Serbo-Croatian contains around 5,000 Turkic loanwords, primarily from Turkish [1]).
In the nineteenth century, Turkic loanwords, generally of Turkish origin, began to penetrate not only through the writings of the travelers, diplomats and merchants, and through the ethnographical and historical works, but also through the press. In 1847, there were two English-language newspapers in Istanbul – The Levant Herald and The Levant Times, seven newspapers in French, one in German and 37 in Turkish. Turkish contributed the largest share of the Turkic loans, which penetrated into the English directly. This can be explained by the fact that Turkey had the most intensive and wide connections with England. Nevertheless, there are many Turkic loans in English, which were borrowed by its contacts with other peoples – Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Uzbeks, Kazakhs and Kirghiz.
Most of the Turkic loans in English carry exotic or ethnographical connotations. They do not have equivalents in English, do not have synonymic relations with primordial words, and generally are used to describe the fauna, flora, life customs, political and social life, and an administrative-territorial structure of Turkic regions. But there are many Turkic loans, which are still part of the frequently used vocabulary. Some Turkic loans have acquired new meanings, unrelated to their etymology.
To conclude, the words of the Turkic origin began penetrating English as early as the Middle Ages, the Turkic loanwords found their way into English through other languages, most frequently through French. Since the 16c, beginning from the time of the establishment of the direct contacts between England and Turkey, and Russia, in English appeared new direct borrowings from Turkic languages. German, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, French, Arabic, Armenian, Afrikaans, Hungarian, Yiddish, Hindustani, Spanish, Italian, Latin, Malayan, to a different extent, took part in the process of the transfer of the Turkic words into English. The main language from which the borrowings were made, was Turkish.
Mavi Boncuk |
A
Afshar
from Turkic Afshar, "a Turkic tribe living majorly in Kerman province of Iran". A Shiraz rug of coarse weave.
Aga or Agha
from Turkish ağa, a title of rank, especially in Turkey.
Aga Khan
from Turkic agha and khan, the divinely ordained head of the Nizari branch of Isma'ili Shi'a Islam.
Agaluk
from Turkish Ağalık, a feudal unit of the Ottoman Empire
Airan
from Turkish ayran
Akbash
from Turkish akbaş, literally "a whitehead"
Akche
from Turkish akçe, also asper, an Ottoman monetary unit consisted of small silver coins.
Akhissar
from Turkish Akhisar, a city in Manisa Province, Turkey near İzmir. A kind of heavy modern carpet made at Akhisar.
Altay
from the Altai Mountains of Central Asia, which is from Turkic-Mongolian altan, meaning "golden". 1. the Altai horse 2. the Altay sheep
Altilik
from Turkish altılık. A coin formerly used in Turkey, originally silver, equivalent to six piastres.
Araba
(from Arabic: عربة ʿarabah or the Turkish loan form araba, arba or aroba). A horse-driven carriage.
Arnaut
from Turkish arnavut, "an Albanian". An inhabitant of Albania and neighboring mountainous regions, especially an Albanian serving in the Turkish army.
Aslan
from Turkish Aslan, "lion".
Astrakhan
from Astrakhan, Russia, which is from Tatar or Kazakh hadžitarkhan, or As-tarxan (tarkhan of As or Alans) Karakul sheep of Russian origin or a cloth with a pile resembling karakul.
Atabeg
from Turkic atabeg, from ata, "a father" + beg "a prince".
Atabek
from Turkic, an alternative form of Atabeg.
Ataghan
from Turkish yatağan, an alternative form of yatagan.
Ataman
from Russian, from South Turkic ataman, "leader of an armed band" : ata, "father" + -man, augmentative suffix.[24]
Aul
Russian, from the Tatar and Kyrgyz languages.
Ayran
see Airan
B
Pieces of baklava.
Bahadur
from Hindi bahādur "brave, brave person", from Persian, probably from Mongolian, cf. Classical Mongolian baγatur, which is from Turkic, perhaps originally a Turkic personal name.
Bairam
from Turkish bayram, literally "a festival"
Baklava
from Turkish baklava
Balaclava
from Balaklava, village in the Crimea, which is from Turkish balıklava. A hoodlike knitted cap covering the head, neck, and part of the shoulders and worn especially by soldiers and mountaineers.
Balalaika
from Russian balalaika, of Turkic origin.
Balkan
from Turkish balkan "a mountain chain", relating to the states of the Balkan Peninsula, or their peoples, languages, or cultures.
Bamia
from Turkish bamya.
Ban
from Romanian, from Serbo-Croatian ban, "lord", which is from Turkic bayan, "very rich person" : bay, "rich" + -an, intensive suff.
Barbotte
from Canadian French barbotte, which is from Turkish barbut. A dice game
Barchan/Barkhan
from Russian, which is from Kirghiz barkhan. A moving sand dune shaped like a crescent and found in several very dry regions of the world
Bashaw
from Turkish başa, a variant of pasha
Bashi-bazouk
from Turkish başıbozuk
Bashlyk
from Turkish başlık, "a hood", from baş, "a head"
Batman
from Turkish batman. Any of various old Persian or Turkish units of weight
Beetewk
from Russian bityug, bityuk, which is from Turkic bitük, akin to Chagatai bitü, Uzbek bitäü. A Russian breed of heavy draft horses.
Beg
from Turkic beg, an alternative form of bey
Beglerbeg
from Turkish beylerbeyi, a variant of beylerbey
Begum
from Urdu begam, which is from East Turkic begüm
Behcet
from the name of Turkish scientist Hulusi Behçet, a multisystem, chronic recurrent disease.
Bektashi
from Turkish bektaşi
Bergamot
from French bergamote, from Italian bergamotta, ultimately from Turkish bey armudu, literally, "the bey's pear"
Bey
from Turkish bey
Beylerbey
from Turkish beylerbeyi
Beylik
from Turkish beylik
Binbashi
from Turkish binbaşı, "chief of a thousand", bin "thousand" + bash "head". (Mil.) A major in the Turkish army.
Bogatyr
from Russian bogatyr "hero, athlete, warrior", from Old Russian bogatyri, of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish batur "brave"
Borek
from Turkish börek, ultimately from root bur-, "twisted"
Borunduk
from Russian burunduk, which is from Mari uromdok or from Turkic burunduk. A Siberian ground squirrel.[58][59][60]
Bosa or boza
from Turkish boza, a fermented drink
Bosh
from Turkish boş, which means "nonsense, empty" (Bosh on wiktionary)
Bostanji
from Turkish bostancı, literally "a gardener"
Bouzouki
from modern Greek mpouzoúki, which is from Turkish bozuk "broken, ruined, depraved" or büzük "constricted, puckered".
Boyar
from Russian boyarin, from Old Russian boljarin, from Turkic baylar, plural of bay, "rich"; akin to Turkish bay, "rich, gentleman".
Bridge game
the word came into English from the Russian word, biritch, which in turn originates from a Turkic word for "bugler" (in modern Turkish: borucu, borazancı) or might have come from a Turkish term bir, üç, or "one, three" [67]
Bugger
from Middle English bougre, "heretic", from Old French boulgre, from Medieval Latin Bulgarus, from Greek Boulgaros, "Bulgarian", probably ultimately from Turkic bulghar, "of mixed origin, promiscuous" or "rebels", from bulgamaq, "to mix, stir, stir up".
Bulgar
from Bolgar, Bolghar, former kingdom on the Volga river around Kazan (see bugger). A Russia leather originally from Bolgar.
Bulgur
from Turkish bulgur, which means "pounded wheat"
Buran
from Russian buran, of Turkic origin, probably from Tatar buran
Burka
from Russian, probably from buryi "dark brown (of a horse)", probably of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish bur "red like a fox"; the Turkic word probably from Persian bor "reddish brown"; akin to Sanskrit babhru "reddish brown".
C
Dervishes wearing calpacks.
Cafeneh
from Turkish kahvane, kahvehane "a coffee shop, café", from kahve "coffee" + hane "house"
Caïque
from Turkish kayık [79]
Caiquejee
alteration (influenced by caique) of earlier caikjee, from Turkish kayıkçı, "a boatman"
Calpack
from Turkish kalpak
Caracal
from Turkish karakulak, which means "black ear"
Caraco
from French, perhaps from Turkish kerrake "alpaca coat". A woman's short coat or jacket usually about waist length.
Caracul
from Uzbek karakul, an alteration of karakul
Caragana
from New Latin, of Turkic origin; akin to Kirghiz karaghan "Siberian pea tree".
Caramoussal
from Turkish karamürsel, karamusal, perhaps from kara "black" + mürsel "envoy, apostle"
Casaba
from Turkish Kasaba, a small town with 2.000 to 20.000 people in Turkey
Cassock
from Middle French casaque "long coat", probably ultimately from Turkic quzzak "nomad, adventurer" (the source of Cossack), an allusion to their typical riding coat. Or perhaps from Arabic kazagand, from Persian kazhagand "padded coat".
Cham
from French, which is from Turkish khan, "lord, prince"
Chekmak
from Turkish, a Turkish fabric of silk and cotton, with gold thread interwoven.
Chelengk
from Ottoman Turkish çelenk, a bird's feather used as a sign of bravery
Chiaus
from Turkish çavuş.
Chibouk
from Turkish çubuk.
Choga
from Sindhi, of Turko-Mongol origin; akin to Turkish çuha "cloth". A long-sleeved long-skirted cloak for men worn mainly in India and Pakistan.
Chouse
perhaps from Turkish çavuş "a doorkeeper, messenger"
Coffee
from Ottoman Turkish kahve via Italian caffè[
Corsac
from Russian korsak, from Kirghiz karsak, "a small yellowish brown bushy-tailed fox"
Cosaque
from French, literally, "Cossack", from Russian Kazak & Ukrainian kozak, which is from Turkic Kazak. A cracker.
Cossack
from Turkic quzzaq which means "adventurer, guerilla, nomad" (Cossack on wiktionary)
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