Mavi Boncuk |
Le kabkab, Takunya.
Chopines are platform shoes that were worn by women in the 15th, 16th and 17th century. Made with a very tall wooden platform, these shoes protected the dress from mud and street dust.
They became very popular in Venice and were worn by noble women and courtesans. Despite the obvious expense, Venetian sumptuary laws (laws regulating expenditure on luxuries) did not address the issue of exaggerated footwear until it reached dangerous proportions. It was once thought that very high chopines, twenty inches as seen in an example from the Museo Correr in Venice, were the accoutrements of the courtesan and were intended to establish her highly visible public profile.
The Venetian noblemen approved of clogs for the same reason. M. Yriarte tells how a foreign ambassador, who was once talking with the Doge and his counsellors in 1623, observed that little shoes would be far more convenient than the huge clogs in fashion.
The size of the chopines was made according to the status of the wearer. If the platform was made very tall, that meant that the wearer is one of a high social status. The women’s feet were secured to the platform with straps made of leather or silk. When women wore chopines, they needed the support of their maids or husbands to walk the streets of Venice.
pictured Femme turque et son esclave, fin XVIIIe siècle, Jean-Etienne Liotard, Musée d’art et d’histoire, Ville de Genève
Takunya: clog[1], sabot[2], patten[3] EN; fromGR takúni τακούνι tahta nalın ~ İt taccone [büy.] büyük topuk, fromIT tacco topuk see: takoz [ Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar (1930 yılından önce) ] [ c (1932) : Beyazıt'tan Tahtakale'ye inen caddedeki 27 dükkan takunya yapmayı (...) bırakmış. ].
Takoz: oldGR tákos τάκος herhangi bir şeyin ele gelir parçası, lokma, ağaç bloku = İt tacco ağaçtan yapılma ayakkabı topuğu, takunya SP taco tıkaç, ağaç tıpa veya kama, ağaçtan ayakkabı topuğu, bilardo ıstakası
"ağaç kama" [ Ahmet Vefik Paşa, Lugat-ı Osmani (1876) ]
Nalın: "nalin" clogs that were used in the Ottoman empire's public bathrooms called Hammam. "ayakkabı" [ Aşık Paşa, Garib-name, 1330]; ol gice kim ol resūl bindi Burak / ˁarş anuŋ naˁlīnine oldu ṭurak "... hamam ayakkabısı" [ Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatname, <1683 nbsp="" span="">bu nātırlar dahı bellerinde peştamāller üzre kılıçların kuşanup ayakları çıplak (...) sadefkāri naˁlīnler ile; fromAR naˁlayn نَعْلَين [plural] bir çift sandal fromAR naˁl نَعْل sandal, at nalı +ayn
Nal: "sandal" [ Borovkov ed., Orta Asya'da Bulunmuş ... Kuran Tefsiri, 1300]
"... at nalı" [ Codex Cumanicus, 1303] ferrus [at nalı veya genel olarak demir] - FA/TR: naal
nalları dikmek "(argo)" [ Osman Cemal Kaygılı, Argo Lugatı, 1932]
nalları dikmek: Ölmek, can vermek. fromAR naˁl نَعْل 1. ip veya kayışla bağlı ayaklık, sandal veya nalın, 2. at nalı Hebrew/Aramaic naˁal נעל ip veya kayışla bağlı ayaklık, sandal Hebrew nāˁal bağlamak; oldGR hypódēma υπόδημα "alttan-bağlı" "sandal, nalın".
Nalça: sole[4] EN; [ Codex Cumanicus, 1303] sola [ayakkabı tabanı] -FA: naalča – TR taban [ Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatname, 1683] dükkānların mücellā naˁlçeler ile tezyīn edüp pāpūşları naˁlçeleyerek. fromFA naˁlça نعلچه [küç.] nalcık, ayakkabı tabanı fromAR naˁl نعل sandal, at nalı +ça
Paten: patten[3] EN fromFR patin 1. bağcıksız ayakkabı, terlik, 2. buzda kayma ayakkabısı FR patte ayak see: patika. [ Mehmet Bahaettin, Yeni Türkçe Lugat (1924) ] FR patin "1. bağcıksız ayakkabı, terlik, 2. buzda kayma ayakkabısı"
Patik: GR patikós πατικός hafif pabuç, terlik < GR/oldGR pátéō πάτέω yürümek +ikos → patika
Oldest source: "küçük çocuklara giydirilen altı yumuşak veya ince köseleli ayakkabı" [ TDK, Türkçe Sözlük, 1. Baskı (1945) ]
Patika: footpath, footway EN; [ Ahmed Vefik Paşa, Lehce-ı Osmani, 1876] patika: Paytak yolu, sıçan yolu, çoban çığırı. BUL pǎteka пътека [küç.] küçük yol, patika (Kaynak: Eren 326 fromBUL pǎt път yol oldSlavic *pǫtь IE pnt, pent- yürümek, ayak basmak.
Sandal: sandal[5] EN
Galoş: Galoshes[6] EN
Tokyo: flip-flop [7] EN
İskarpin: shoe EN[8] Venetiano scarpìn ; IT scarpino hafif ayakkabı fromIT scarpa ayakkabı, özellikle tahtadan yontulmuş pabuç, sabo.
Oldest source: "Avrupa tarzı ayakkabı" [ Ahmet Rasim, Şehir Mektupları (1899)]
Çizme : boot E N[9] TartarTR çiz- +mA → çiz-
Oldest source: "uzun konçlu ayakkabı" [ Osmanlı Kanunnameleri (1500 yılından önce) ] [ Mütercim Asım, Burhan-ı Katı Tercemesi (1797) : çizme tabir olunan ayakkabı... ki İran Türkisinde çekme derler ]
Çarık : rawhide sandal EN [10] oldTR çaruk
Oldest source: çaruk "Türklere özgü kaba ayakkabı" [ Divan-i Lugat-it Türk (1070) ]
[1] clog (n.)
early 14c., clogge "a lump of wood," origin unknown. Also used in Middle English of large pieces of jewelry and large testicles. Compare Norwegian klugu "knotty log of wood." Meaning "anything that impedes action" is from 1520s, via the notion of "block or mass constituting an encumbrance."
The sense of "wooden-soled shoe" is first recorded late 14c.; they were used as overshoes until the introduction of rubbers c. 1840. Originally all of wood (hence the name), later wooden soles with leather uppers for the front of the foot only. Later revived in fashion (c. 1970), primarily for women. Clog-dancing "dancing performed in clogs" is attested from 1863.Clogs are a type of footwear made in part or completely from wood. Clogs are used worldwide and although the form may vary by culture, within a culture the form often remained unchanged for centuries.
Traditional clogs remain in use as protective footwear in agriculture and in some factories and mines. Although clogs are sometimes negatively associated with cheap and folkloric footwear of farmers and the working class, some types of clogs are considered fashion wear today, such as Swedish träskor or Japanese geta.
Clogs are also used in several different styles of dance. When worn for dancing an important feature is the sound of the clog against the floor. This is one of the fundamental roots of tap, but with the tap shoes the taps are free to click against each other and produce a different sound from clogs. The origin of wooden footwear in Europe is not precisely known. De Boer-Olij reference to the high, thick-soled boots of the Greek tragedy actors in Antiquity (the buskin) and to the shoes worn by Roman soldiers (the caligae).
However, there is a possibility that the Celtic and Germanic peoples from Southern- and Northern Europe were familiar with some sort of wooden foot covering. Archaeological finds of these are not known. Wooden footwear often ended up as firewood and, because of its nature, wood will rot away in the long run. The oldest surviving wooden footwear in Europe is found in Amsterdam and Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and dates from 1230 and 1280.
Overshoes; are wooden soles with straps designed to be worn over other footwear for protection, commonly known as pattens.
[2] sabot "wooden shoe" (13c.), altered (by association with Old French bot "boot") from Middle French savate "old shoe," from the same source (perhaps Persian ciabat) that also produced similar words in Old Provençal, Portuguese, Spanish (zapata), Italian (ciabatta), Arabic (sabbat), and Basque (zapata).
[3] Patten style clogs are not used anymore. However the derivative galoshes are common worldwide.
heel (n.1)
"back of the foot," Old English hela, from Proto-Germanic *hanhilon (source also of Old Norse hæll, Old Frisian hel, Dutch hiel), from PIE *kenk- (3) "heel, bend of the knee" (source also of Old English hoh "hock").
Meaning "back of a shoe or boot" is c. 1400. Down at heels (1732) refers to heels of boots or shoes worn down and the owner too poor to replace them. For Achilles' heel "only vulnerable spot" see Achilles. To "fight with (one's) heels" (fighten with heles) in Middle English meant "to run away."
[4] sole "bottom of the foot" ("technically, the planta, corresponding to the palm of the hand," Century Dictionary), early 14c., from Old French sole, from Vulgar Latin *sola, from Latin solea "sandal, bottom of a shoe; a flatfish," from solum "bottom, ground, foundation, lowest point of a thing" (hence "sole of the foot"), a word of uncertain origin. In English, the meaning "bottom of a shoe or boot" is from late 14c.
[5] sandal (n.)
type of shoe, late 14c., from Old French sandale, from Latin sandalium "a slipper, sandal," from Greek sandalion, diminutive of sandalon "sandal," of unknown origin, perhaps from Persian.
[6] galoshes (n.)
mid-14c. (surname Galocher is attested from c. 1300), "kind of footwear consisting of a wooden sole fastened onto the foot with leather thongs," perhaps from Old French galoche "overshoe, galosh" (singular), 13c., from Late Latin gallicula, diminutive of gallica (solea) "a Gallic (sandal)" [Klein]. Alternative etymology [Barnhart, Hatz.-Darm.] is from Vulgar Latin *galopia, from Greek kalopodion, diminutive of kalopous "shoemaker's last," from kalon "wood" (properly "firewood") + pous "foot" (from PIE root *ped- "foot"). "The name seems to have been variously applied" [OED]. Modern meaning "rubber covering of a boot or shoe" is from 1853.
[7] flip-flop (n.)
also flip flop, "plastic thong beach sandal," by 1970, imitative of the sound of walking in them. Flip-flap had been used in various senses, mostly echoic or imitative of a kind of loose flapping movement, since 1520s:
Flip-flaps, a peculiar rollicking dance indulged in by costermongers, better described as the double shuffle; originally a kind of somersault. [Hotten's Slang Dictionary, 1864]
Flip-flop in the general sense of "complete reversal of direction" dates from 1900; it began to be used in electronics in the 1930s in reference to switching circuits that alternate between two states. As a verb by 1897. Flop (n.) in the sense "a turn-round, especially in politics" is from 1880.
[8] shoe (n.) Old English scoh "shoe," from Proto-Germanic *skokhaz (source also of Old Norse skor, Danish and Swedish sko, Old Frisian skoch, Old Saxon skoh, Middle Dutch scoe, Dutch schoen, Old High German scuoh, German Schuh, Gothic skoh). No known cognates outside Germanic, unless it somehow is connected with PIE root *skeu- "cover" (source also of second element in Latin ob-scurus).
Old plural form shoon lasted until 16c. Meaning "metal plate to protect a horse's hoof" is attested from late 14c. Distinction between shoe and boot (n.) is attested from c. 1400. To stand in someone's shoes "see things from his or her point of view" is attested from 1767. Old shoe as a type of something worthless is attested from late 14c.
Shoes tied to the fender of a newlywed couple's car preserves the old custom (mentioned from 1540s) of throwing an old shoe at or after someone to wish them luck. Perhaps the association is with dirtiness, on the "muck is luck" theory.
[9] boot (n.1) "covering for the foot and lower leg," early 14c., from Old French bote "boot" (12c.), with corresponding words in Provençal, Spanish, and Medieval Latin, all of unknown origin, perhaps from a Germanic source. Originally of riding boots only.
From c. 1600 as "fixed external step of a coach." This later was extended to "low outside compartment used for stowing luggage" (1781) and hence the transferred use, of motor vehicles, in Britain, where American English has trunk (n.1).
Boot-black "person who shines boots and shoes" is from 1817; boot-jack "implement to hold a boot by the heel while the foot is drawn from it" is from 1793. Boot Hill, U.S. frontier slang for "cemetery" (1893, in a Texas panhandle context) probably is an allusion to dying with one's boots on. An old Dorsetshire word for "half-boots" was skilty-boots [Halliwell, Wright].
[10] sandal (n.) type of shoe, late 14c., from Old French sandale, from Latin sandalium "a slipper, sandal," from Greek sandalion, diminutive of sandalon "sandal," of unknown origin, perhaps from Persian.
No comments:
Post a Comment