Mavi Boncuk |Yol: road EN[1]street EN[2] OldTR [ Orhun Yazıtları, 735]
altun yışıg yolsuzun aşdım [altun ormanı yol Aramaicadan aştım]
OldTR [ Kaşgarî, Divan-i Lugati't-Türk, 1073] yol: aṭ-ṭarīḳ, as-saPersianr [yol, yolculuk] Tatar TR [ Meninski, Thesaurus, 1680] ayak yolu: Latrina (...) yollamak: Expedire. (...) yollü yolince Tatar TR [ Ahmed Vefik Paşa, Lugat-ı Osmani, 1876] yolcu, yolculuk (...) demiryolu FRom oldTR yol 1. yürüyüş, 2. yol, patika Old TR yorı- yürümek
Cadde: Avenue EN [3] , boulevard [4] Hoca Sa'deddin Ef., Tacü't-Tevârih, 1574]cādde-i ˁadl üzre müstaḳīm idı [adaletin doğru yolunda kararlı idi]
FRom AR cādda(t) جادّة [ fāˁila(t) Persian. fem.] geniş yol, ana yol ? Ar cadda جَدَّ kesti ciddi
Sokak: [ Mesud b. Ahmed, Süheyl ü Nevbahar terc., 1354]
Ne maḥall bilürem ne yol ne zuḳāḳ
[ Meninski, Thesaurus, 1680] süḳāḳ vulg. sokak صوقاق
FRom AR zuḳāḳ زقاق [#zḳḳ] sokak, dar geçit from Akadian sūḳāḳu [sm.] a.a. Akad sūḳu sokak, özellikle çarşı sokağı, çarşıda belli malların satıldığı geçit
Not: Ar sūḳ ve ARM şuga շուկայ "çarşı" from Aramaic şūḳā
Meydan: plaza[5][ Codex Cumanicus, 1303]
planura - Persian sakra [sahra] - Tr: maydan[ Meninski, Thesaurus, 1680]
meydāne çıkmak, gelmek: in medium prodire, in arenam descendere.
FRom AR/Persian maydān ميدان [#myd] açık yer, alan ~ OldPersian miḏyān/mayān orta, ortalık yer
şose: [ Basiretçi Ali Bey, İstanbul Mektupları, 1873] Sirkeci Meydanının bir parça şosesi sulanmakta olduğu halden Babıali'ye olan şose ile Beyazıt ~ Fr chaussée taş döşeli yol, sertleştirilmiş yüzeyli karayolu << OLat via calceata taş döşeli yol < Lat calx, calc- taş → kalker Bu maddeye gönderenler: redöşose
Patika: path[5], foot-path, trail EN; patika "keçiyolu" [ Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatname, 1683]
FRomGR pátiki πάτικι [küç.] küçük yol, yolcuk EGR pátos πάτος yürümekle oluşan yol, patika IE *pnt- a.a. IE *pent- yürümek, ayak basmak
Not: Aynı IE kökten EPersian patha-, İng path, Alm PPersiand (ayak yolu), EGR póntos (geçit), Lat pons, pont- (bridge). FR patte (feet) .
Patik: baby boots EN "küçük çocuk ayakkabısı" [ Cumhuriyet - gazete, 1930]
küçüğe patik, çorap alacaktık fromGR patikós πατικός hafif pabuç, terlik GR/EGR pátéō πάτέω yürümek +ik
İZMİR Smyrne - Le Boulevard de Bournabat - Turkey - Turquie
Bulvar: boulevard EN[4] bulvar "geniş cadde" [ Namık Kemal, Osmanlı Modernleşmesinin Meseleleri, 1872] fromFR boulevard 1. istihkâm, şehir suru, 2. 18. yy'dan itibaren yıktırılan kent surları yerine açılan geniş cadde fromGE Bollwerk dikme kütüklerden yapılan koruma duvarı, sur oldGE bol kütük, tomruk [bohle] ( IE *bhel şişmek, kabarmak, tomurmak ) + Alm werk iş, yapı (IE *werg- çalışmak, iş yapmak ) Bulwark "istihkâm" from German
[1] road (n.) Look up road at Dictionary.com
Old English rad "riding expedition, journey, hostile incursion," FRom Proto-Germanic *raido (cognates: Old FRisian red "ride," Old Saxon reda, Middle Dutch rede, Old High German reita "foray, raid"), FRom PIE *reidh- "to ride" (see ride (v.)). Also related to raid (n.). In Middle English, "a riding, a journey;" sense of "open way for traveling between two places" is first recorded 1590s. Meaning "narrow stretch of sheltered water" is FRom early 14c. (as in Hampton Roads in Virginia).
Modern spelling established 18c. In 19c. U.S. use, often meaning "railroad." On the road "travelling" is FRom 1640s. Road test (n.) is FRom 1906; as a verb FRom 1937. Road hog is attested FRom 1886; road rage is FRom 1988. Road map is FRom 1786; road trip is by 1950, originally of baseball teams. Old English had radwerig "weary of travelling."
[2] street (n.) Old English stret (Mercian, Kentish), stræt (West Saxon) "street, high road," FRom Late Latin strata, used elliptically for via strata "paved road," FRom fem. past participle of Latin sternere "lay down, spread out, pave," FRom PIE *stre-to- "to stretch, extend," FRom root *stere- "to spread, extend, stretch out" (see structure (n.)).
One of the few words in use in England continuously FRom Roman times. An early and widespread Germanic borrowing (Old FRisian strete, Old Saxon strata, Middle Dutch strate, Dutch straat, Old High German straza, German Strasse, Swedish stråt, Danish sträde "street"). The Latin is also the source of Spanish estrada, Old FRench estrée, Italian strada.
"The normal term in OE for a paved way or Roman road, later extended to other roads, urban streets, and in SE dialects to a street of dwellings, a straggling village or hamlet" [Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names]. Originally of Roman roads (Watling Street, Icknield Street). "In the Middle Ages, a road or way was merely a direction in which people rode or went, the name street being reserved for the made road" [Weekley].
Used since c. 1400 to mean "the people in the street;" modern sense of "the realm of the people as the source of political support" dates FRom 1931. The street for an especially important street is FRom 1560s (originally of London's Lombard-street). Man in the street "ordinary person, non-expert" is attested FRom 1831. Street people "the homeless" is FRom 1967; expression on the street "homeless" is FRom 1852. Street smarts is FRom 1971; street-credibility is FRom 1979. Street-sweeper as an occupation is FRom 1848.
[3] Avenue (n.) c. 1600, "a way of approach" (originally a military word), from Middle French avenue "way of access," from Old French avenue "act of approaching, arrival," noun use of fem. of avenu, past participle of avenir "to come to, arrive," from Latin advenire "to come to," from ad- "to" (see ad-) + venire "to come" (see venue). Meaning shifted to "a way of approach to a country-house," usually bordered by trees, hence, "a broad, tree-lined roadway" (1650s), then to "wide, main street" (by 1846, especially in U.S.).
[4] Boulevard (n.) 1769, from French boulevard (15c.), originally "top surface of a military rampart," from a garbled attempt to adopt Middle Dutch bolwerc "wall of a fortification" (see bulwark[*]) into French, which at that time lacked a -w- in its alphabet. The notion is of a promenade laid out atop demolished city walls, a way which would be much wider than urban streets. Originally in English with conscious echoes of Paris; since 1929, in U.S., used of multi-lane limited-access urban highways. Early French attempts to digest the Dutch word also include boloart, boulever, boloirque, bollvercq.
[*] bulwark (n.) "planking or woodwork round the uppermost parts of a vessel," early 15c., from Middle Dutch bulwerke or Middle High German bolwerc, probably from bole "plank, tree trunk" (from Proto-Germanic *bul-, from PIE root *bhel- "to blow, swell;" see bole) +werc "work" (see work (n.)). Figurative sense "means of defense or security" is from 1570s.
[5] Path (n.) Old English paþ, pæþ "path, track," from West Germanic *patha- (cognates: Old Frisian path, Middle Dutch pat, Dutch pad, Old High German pfad, German Pfad "path"), of uncertain origin. The original initial -p- in a Germanic word is an etymological puzzle. Don Ringe ("From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic," Oxford 2006) describes it as "An obvious loan from Iranian ..., clearly borrowed after Grimm’s Law had run its course." Watkins says the word is "probably borrowed (? via Scythian) from Iranian *path-," from PIE root *pent- "to tread, go, pass" (source of Avestan patha "way;" see find (v.)), but this is too much of a stretch for OED and others. In Scotland and Northern England, commonly a steep ascent of a hill or in a road.
No comments:
Post a Comment