Karantina: quarantine [1] From Venetiano cuarantína Venedik'e gemiyle gelen yolculara uygulanan kırk günlük karaya çıkma yasağı < Ven cuaranta forty fromLAT quadraginta square. Quarantena IT.
Oldest source: [ Kahane & Tietze, The Lingua Franca in the Levant (1700 yılından önce) ] [ Yirmisekiz Mehmet Çelebi, Paris Sefaretnamesi, 1721]
Bu eyyām-ı müfarekāta Nazarto'da [Lazaretto'da[2] karantina taˁbīr iderler.
Kare: square EN from FR carré kare from LAT quadratus dörtgen LAT quadrare dörtköşe yapmak, dörtlemek LAT quatuor, quadr- dört IE *kʷetwer [3] çehar PERS.
Oldest source: [ Mehmet Bahaettin, Yeni Türkçe Lugat (1924)]
Fransızca carré "kare" sözcüğünden alıntıdır. Fransızca sözcük Latince quadratus "dörtgen" sözcüğünden evrilmiştir. Bu sözcük Latince quadrare "dörtköşe yapmak, dörtlemek" fiilinden türetilmiştir. Latince fiil Latince quatuor, quadr- "dört" sözcüğünden türetilmiştir. Latince sözcük Hintavrupa Anadilinde aynı anlama gelen yazılı örneği bulunmayan *kʷetwer biçiminden evrilmiştir. Daha fazla bilgi için çehar maddesine bakınız.quarantine (n.)[1]
[1] Quarantine. 1660s, "period a ship suspected of carrying disease is kept in isolation," from Italian quaranta giorni, literally "space of forty days," from quaranta "forty," from Latin quadraginta"forty," which is related to quattuor "four" (from PIE root *kwetwer- "four"). So called from the Venetian policy (first enforced in 1377) of keeping ships from plague-stricken countries waiting off its port for 40 days to assure that no latent cases were aboard. Also see lazaretto. The extended sense of "any period of forced isolation" is from 1670s.
Earlier in English the word meant "period of 40 days in which a widow has the right to remain in her dead husband's house" (1520s), and, as quarentyne (15c.), "desert in which Christ fasted for 40 days," from Latin quadraginta "forty."
[2] lazaretto (n.) "house for reception of lepers and diseased poor persons," 1540s, from Italian lazareto "place set aside for performance of quarantine" (especially that of Venice, which received many ships from plague-infested districts in the East), from the Biblical proper name Lazarus (q.v.). Meaning "building set apart for quarantine" is c. 1600 in English. The word in Italian was perhaps influenced by the name of another hospital in Venice, that associated with the church of Santa Maria di Nazaret. Sometimes Englished as lazaret; also known as lazar house (1520s).
[3] *kwetwer- Proto-Indo-European root meaning "four." It forms all or part of: cadre; cahier; carillon; carrefour; catty-cornered; diatessaron; escadrille; farthing; firkin; fortnight; forty; four; fourteen; fourth; quadrant; quadraphonic; quadratic; quadri-; quadrilateral; quadriliteral; quadrille; quadriplegia; quadrivium; quadroon; quadru-; quadruped; quadruple; quadruplicate; quarantine; quarrel (n.2) "square-headed bolt for a crossbow;" quarry (n.2) "open place where rocks are excavated;" quart; quarter; quarterback; quartermaster; quarters; quartet; quarto; quaternary; quatrain; quattrocento; quire (n.1) "set of four folded pages for a book;" squad; square; tessellated; tetra-; tetracycline; tetrad; tetragrammaton; tetrameter; tetrarch; trapezium.
It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit catvarah, Avestan čathwaro, Persian čatvar, Greek tessares, Latin quattuor, Oscan petora, Old Church Slavonic četyre, Lithuanian keturi, Old Irish cethir, Welsh pedwar.
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ARTICE ON QUARANINE (EXCERPT)
“If there was suspicion of disease on the ship, the captain
was ordered to proceed to the quarantine station, where passengers and crew
were isolated and the vessel was thoroughly fumigated and retained for 40 days,”
wrote medical historian Eugenia Tognotti in a 2013 article on the history of
quarantine in the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases. “This system, which was
used by Italian cities, was later adopted by other European countries.”
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Arguments for why the number 40 was chosen vary, from
Hippocrates’ theories about 40 days as tipping point for disease to the 40 days
that Jesus spent fasting in the wilderness. And Venice wasn’t alone: Also
around this time, ships could not enter modern-day Dubrovnik on the Croatian
coast, without spending about a month on an isolated island because wind and
sunshine were thought to be natural disinfectants.
An early reference to quarantine in the English language
comes from famed diarist and British Navy clerk Samuel Pepys, who wrote in 1663
that ships had to “perform quarantine” for 30 days in the Thames estuary if
they came from Amsterdam and Hamburg, where another plague outbreak was
occurring.
During the 18th and 19th centuries, yellow fever scares led
to ships being put under quarantine, raising a “yellow flag” during the day and
shining a light at night until it was safe to enter the ports. “The abominable
yellow flag, still marks our ship as ‘plague smitten.’ Every boat steers off
from us, afraid of contamination,” wrote a traveler named Edwin Montague, while
his ship was docked at the Spanish port Mahon in 1848, en route back to America
from the Holy Land.
When industrialization helped fuel a cholera outbreak,
European ports began banning ships with “unclean licenses,” originating from
regions where the outbreak was occurring.
In American history, from very early on, quarantine measures
were largely left up to state and localities. In 1832, during a cholera
outbreak in England, New York wouldn’t let ships come within 300 yards. Federal
intervention in quarantine matters increased over cholera fears in the late
19th century. During an outbreak in 1892, President Benjamin Harrison’s Surgeon
General declared that “no vessel from any foreign port carrying immigrants
shall be admitted to enter any port of the United States until such vessel
shall have undergone quarantine detention of twenty days, and such greater
number of days as may be fixed in each special case by the State authorities.”
Using ships as quarantine vessels were deemed ineffective by
the early 20th century as scientific understanding of antibiotics, vaccines and
the different causes of these diseases increased and led to new approaches to
quarantine that varied based on the makeup of that particular disease.
Already by 1911, the Encyclopedia Britannica was defining
quarantine as “a term originally applied to the old sanitary preventative
system of detention of ships and men” that “is now a thing of the past in the
United Kingdom and in the majority of other states.”
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