Asker: soldier EN[1] fromAR ˁaskar عسكر ordu( army EN[2] military EN[3]Farsi laşkar لشكر ordu → leşker
Oldest Source: "ordu" [ Dede Korkut Kitabı (c. 1400): Tekür daχı askerini cem edüp karşu çıkdılar ]
Subay: CagatayTR subay officer EN[4]1. yüksüz, ağırlıksız, bekâr, 2. hafif süvari Mongolian subay kısır, yavrusuz
Oldest Source: "zabit" [ Osmanıcadan Türkçeye Cep Kılavuzu (1935) ]
Nefer: fromAR nafar نفر 1. çete, hayvan güruhu, akıncı birliği, ordu, 2. asker, fromAR nufūr/nafar نفور/نفر ürkme, irkilme, (bir hayvan güruhu) ürkerek kaçışma
Oldest Source: [ Dede Korkut Kitabı (c. 1400)]
İnzibat: fromAR *inḍibāṭ إنضباط [#ḍbṭ VII msd.] < Ar ḍabṭ ضبط durdurma, kontrol altına alma → zabıt
Oldest Source: gendarme[5] "zapt u rapt, disiplin" [ Ahmet Vefik Paşa, Lugat-ı Osmani (1876) ]
Kullukçu: TR kolluk devriye +çI TR kolla- devriye dolaşmak +Ik → kol
Oldest Source: kollukçu/kullukçu "yeniçerilerde zaptiye görevlisi" [ (c. 1600) ]
See also: zaptiye (Turkish source) by ABDÜLKADİR ÖZCAN
(Pictured) Kullukçu salma neferi (Tuchelt Klaus, Türkische Gewänder und Osmanische Gesellschaft im Achtzehnten Jahrhundert, Graz 1966, lv. 114)
[1] soldier (n.) c. 1300, souder, from Old French soudier, soldier "one who serves in the army for pay," from Medieval Latin soldarius "a soldier" (source also of Spanish soldado, Italian soldato), literally "one having pay," from Late Latin soldum, extended sense of accusative of Latin solidus, name of a Roman gold coin, properly "coin of thick or solid metal," not of thin plate (see solid (adj.)).
The -l- has been regular in English since mid-14c., in imitation of Latin. Willie and Joe always say sojer in the Bill Mauldin cartoons, and this seems to mirror 16c.-17c. spellings sojar, soger, sojour. Modern French soldat is borrowed from Italian and displaced the older French word; one of many military (and other) terms picked up during the Italian Wars in early 16c.; such as alert, arsenal, colonel, infantrie, sentinel.
Old slang names for military men circa early 19c. include mud-crusher "infantryman," cat-shooter "volunteer," fly-slicer "cavalryman," jolly gravel-grinder "marine."
[2] army (n.) late 14c., "armed expedition," from Old French armée "armed troop, armed expedition" (14c.), from Medieval Latin armata "armed force," from Latin armata, fem. of armatus "armed, equipped, in arms," as a noun, "armed men, soldiers," past participle of armare "to arm," literally "act of arming," related to arma "tools, arms" (see arm (n.2)).
Originally used of expeditions on sea or land; restriction to "land force" is by late 18c. Transferred meaning "host, multitude" is c. 1500. Meaning "body of men trained and equipped for war" is from 1550s.
The Old English words were here (still preserved in derivatives such as harrier; see harry (v.)), from Proto-Germanic *harjan, from PIE *korio- "people, crowd;" and fierd, with an original sense of "expedition," from Proto-Germanic *farthi-, related to faran "travel" (see fare (v.)). In spite of etymology, in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle here generally meant "invading Vikings" and fierd was used for the local militias raised to fight them. Army-ant is from 1863.
[3] military (adj.) mid-15c., from Middle French militaire (14c.), from Latin militaris "of soldiers or war, of military service, warlike," from miles (genitive militis) "soldier," of unknown origin, perhaps ultimately from Etruscan, or else meaning "one who marches in a troop," and thus connected to Sanskrit melah "assembly," Greek homilos "assembled crowd, throng." Related: Militarily. Old English had militisc, from Latin. Military-industrial complex coined 1961 in farewell speech of U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower.
military (n.) "soldiers generally," 1757, from military (adj.). Earlier, "a military man" (1736).
[4] officer (n.) early 14c., "one who holds an office" (originally a high office), from Old French oficier "officer, official" (early 14c.), from Medieval Latin officarius "an officer," from Latin officium "a service, a duty" (see office). The military sense is first recorded 1560s. Applied to petty officials of justice from 16c.; U.S. use in reference to policemen is from 1880s.
[5] gendarme (n.) "French military police," 1796, from French (they were first organized in France 1790); earlier "mounted trooper" (1540s), from French contraction (14c.) of gens d'armes "men at arms." Gens is plural of gent "nation, people," from Latin gentem (nominative gens) "race, nation, people" (from PIE root *gene- "give birth, beget," with derivatives referring to procreation and familial and tribal groups). For armes see arm (n.2). Related: Gendarmerie, gendarmery. French also had gens de (la) robe "lawyers," which was sometimes borrowed in English.
arm (n.2) "weapon," c. 1300, armes (plural) "weapons of a warrior," from Old French armes (plural), "arms, weapons; war, warfare" (11c.), from Latin arma "weapons" (including armor), literally "tools, implements (of war)," from PIE *ar(ə)mo-, suffixed form of root *ar- "to fit together." The notion seems to be "that which is fitted together."
Meaning "branch of military service" is from 1798, hence "branch of any organization" (by 1952). Meaning "heraldic insignia" (in coat of arms, etc.) is early 14c., from Old French; originally they were borne on shields of fully armed knights or barons. To be up in arms figuratively is from 1704; to bear arms "do military service" is by 1640s.
arm (v.) "to furnish with weapons," c. 1200, from Old French armer "provide weapons to; take up arms," or directly from Latin armare "furnish with arms," from arma "weapons," literally "tools, implements" of war (see arm (n.2)). Intransitive sense "provide oneself with weapons" in English is from c. 1400.
Oldest Source: "ordu" [ Dede Korkut Kitabı (c. 1400): Tekür daχı askerini cem edüp karşu çıkdılar ]
Subay: CagatayTR subay officer EN[4]1. yüksüz, ağırlıksız, bekâr, 2. hafif süvari Mongolian subay kısır, yavrusuz
Oldest Source: "zabit" [ Osmanıcadan Türkçeye Cep Kılavuzu (1935) ]
Nefer: fromAR nafar نفر 1. çete, hayvan güruhu, akıncı birliği, ordu, 2. asker, fromAR nufūr/nafar نفور/نفر ürkme, irkilme, (bir hayvan güruhu) ürkerek kaçışma
Oldest Source: [ Dede Korkut Kitabı (c. 1400)]
İnzibat: fromAR *inḍibāṭ إنضباط [#ḍbṭ VII msd.] < Ar ḍabṭ ضبط durdurma, kontrol altına alma → zabıt
Oldest Source: gendarme[5] "zapt u rapt, disiplin" [ Ahmet Vefik Paşa, Lugat-ı Osmani (1876) ]
Kullukçu: TR kolluk devriye +çI TR kolla- devriye dolaşmak +Ik → kolOldest Source: kollukçu/kullukçu "yeniçerilerde zaptiye görevlisi" [ (c. 1600) ]
See also: zaptiye (Turkish source) by ABDÜLKADİR ÖZCAN
(Pictured) Kullukçu salma neferi (Tuchelt Klaus, Türkische Gewänder und Osmanische Gesellschaft im Achtzehnten Jahrhundert, Graz 1966, lv. 114)
[1] soldier (n.) c. 1300, souder, from Old French soudier, soldier "one who serves in the army for pay," from Medieval Latin soldarius "a soldier" (source also of Spanish soldado, Italian soldato), literally "one having pay," from Late Latin soldum, extended sense of accusative of Latin solidus, name of a Roman gold coin, properly "coin of thick or solid metal," not of thin plate (see solid (adj.)).
The -l- has been regular in English since mid-14c., in imitation of Latin. Willie and Joe always say sojer in the Bill Mauldin cartoons, and this seems to mirror 16c.-17c. spellings sojar, soger, sojour. Modern French soldat is borrowed from Italian and displaced the older French word; one of many military (and other) terms picked up during the Italian Wars in early 16c.; such as alert, arsenal, colonel, infantrie, sentinel.
Old slang names for military men circa early 19c. include mud-crusher "infantryman," cat-shooter "volunteer," fly-slicer "cavalryman," jolly gravel-grinder "marine."
[2] army (n.) late 14c., "armed expedition," from Old French armée "armed troop, armed expedition" (14c.), from Medieval Latin armata "armed force," from Latin armata, fem. of armatus "armed, equipped, in arms," as a noun, "armed men, soldiers," past participle of armare "to arm," literally "act of arming," related to arma "tools, arms" (see arm (n.2)).
Originally used of expeditions on sea or land; restriction to "land force" is by late 18c. Transferred meaning "host, multitude" is c. 1500. Meaning "body of men trained and equipped for war" is from 1550s.
The Old English words were here (still preserved in derivatives such as harrier; see harry (v.)), from Proto-Germanic *harjan, from PIE *korio- "people, crowd;" and fierd, with an original sense of "expedition," from Proto-Germanic *farthi-, related to faran "travel" (see fare (v.)). In spite of etymology, in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle here generally meant "invading Vikings" and fierd was used for the local militias raised to fight them. Army-ant is from 1863.
[3] military (adj.) mid-15c., from Middle French militaire (14c.), from Latin militaris "of soldiers or war, of military service, warlike," from miles (genitive militis) "soldier," of unknown origin, perhaps ultimately from Etruscan, or else meaning "one who marches in a troop," and thus connected to Sanskrit melah "assembly," Greek homilos "assembled crowd, throng." Related: Militarily. Old English had militisc, from Latin. Military-industrial complex coined 1961 in farewell speech of U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower.
military (n.) "soldiers generally," 1757, from military (adj.). Earlier, "a military man" (1736).
[4] officer (n.) early 14c., "one who holds an office" (originally a high office), from Old French oficier "officer, official" (early 14c.), from Medieval Latin officarius "an officer," from Latin officium "a service, a duty" (see office). The military sense is first recorded 1560s. Applied to petty officials of justice from 16c.; U.S. use in reference to policemen is from 1880s.
[5] gendarme (n.) "French military police," 1796, from French (they were first organized in France 1790); earlier "mounted trooper" (1540s), from French contraction (14c.) of gens d'armes "men at arms." Gens is plural of gent "nation, people," from Latin gentem (nominative gens) "race, nation, people" (from PIE root *gene- "give birth, beget," with derivatives referring to procreation and familial and tribal groups). For armes see arm (n.2). Related: Gendarmerie, gendarmery. French also had gens de (la) robe "lawyers," which was sometimes borrowed in English.
arm (n.2) "weapon," c. 1300, armes (plural) "weapons of a warrior," from Old French armes (plural), "arms, weapons; war, warfare" (11c.), from Latin arma "weapons" (including armor), literally "tools, implements (of war)," from PIE *ar(ə)mo-, suffixed form of root *ar- "to fit together." The notion seems to be "that which is fitted together."
Meaning "branch of military service" is from 1798, hence "branch of any organization" (by 1952). Meaning "heraldic insignia" (in coat of arms, etc.) is early 14c., from Old French; originally they were borne on shields of fully armed knights or barons. To be up in arms figuratively is from 1704; to bear arms "do military service" is by 1640s.
arm (v.) "to furnish with weapons," c. 1200, from Old French armer "provide weapons to; take up arms," or directly from Latin armare "furnish with arms," from arma "weapons," literally "tools, implements" of war (see arm (n.2)). Intransitive sense "provide oneself with weapons" in English is from c. 1400.
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