Mavi Boncuk |Article |
The Régie Monopoly and Tobacco Workers in Late Ottoman Istanbul by Can Nacar
March 06, 2015
Tobacco Workers at Cibali Factory
Mavi Boncuk |Article |
The Régie Monopoly and Tobacco Workers in Late Ottoman Istanbul by Can Nacar
Tobacco Workers in "Yenidze" Factory
Mavi Boncuk | Orientalische Tabak- und Zigarettenfabrik "Yenidze" (1907-1909). Frauen beim Zigarettendrehen unter Aufsicht in einem Arbeitssaal mit über 200 Arbeitsplätzen. | Oriental tobacco and cigarette factory "Yenidze" (1907-1909). Women rolling cigarette under supervision in a workroom with more than 200 seats. Source
Under the Ottoman names "Yenidje" or "Yenidze" (from Turkish Yenice Karasu), Genisea was famous for its superior Oriental tobacco, especially suited for cigarettes. It lent its name to the Yenidze tobacco factory building in Dresden.
The Other Yenidje Tobacco Company Limited was a British tobacco company founded in 1913 by Louis Rothman[1] and Markus Weinberg. The company was named for the town of Yenidje, Thrace (modern Genisea, Greece), a leading producer of high-quality Oriental tobaccos for cigarettes.
A dispute over business strategy lead to the dissolution of the company by the Court of Appeal's decision In re Yenidje Tobacco Co Ltd [1916] 2 Ch 426, which remains a leading authority on the dissolution of partnerships.
Louis Rothman (1869–1926) was the founder of Rothmans International, one of the United Kingdom's largest tobacco businesses. Apprenticed at the age of fourteen to an uncle's tobacco factory near Kiev in Ukraine, Louis Rothman emigrated to the United Kingdom with very little money in 1887. At that time there was a demand for handmade cigarettes using the blends of Balkan, Crimean, Turkish, and Oriental tobaccos which Rothman had learned how to make during his apprenticeship.
He started to earn his living in London as a hand made cigarette maker and two years later used the £40 that he had saved to buy a small supply of the materials that he needed to set up his own business selling cigarettes, which he rolled himself, under the name of L. Rothman & Co. In 1893 he married Jane Weiner and at about the same time opened a small kiosk at 55a Fleet Street (reputed to have been the smallest shop in the City of London) from where he sold the cigarettes he had rolled the previous night. 'Among his customers were the Lords Rothermere and Northcliffe and Sir James Wilcox. The business of this little shop grew until, in a comparatively short time there were six Rothman shops in the city.'
He subsequently opened a number of other shops in the City and in about 1902 rented a half shop in the West End of London (5a Pall Mall). This was marked by the launch of the Pall Mall brand of cigarettes. From the end of the 1914/18 war it became necessary to use the name Rothmans of Pall Mall to distinguish his business from a shop in Regent Street that had been started by his brother, Marx or Max, and subsequently sold to someone else.
In 1912 or 1913 Louis merged his business with that of Markus Weinberg to form the Yenidje Tobacco Company Limited. As a result of a disagreement between the two owners the arrangement was dissolved in 1916 and in 1917 Louis Rothman acquired the whole company. In 1919 Louis went into partnership with his son, Sydney. In 1922 they started to sell cigarettes by mail order through the Rothman's Direct-to-Smoker service. Overseas demand also expanded and taking advantage of incentives from the British Government to promote the importing of tobacco from British Commonwealth countries, they expanded the business into an international concern.
See: Rothmans UK Holdings Limited History
Dresden | Yenidze Cigarette Factory Redux
There are a number of Islamic-type buildings in Germany influenced by the growing interest in Orientalism in 19th century. The most famous example is the water-pumping station at Potsdam (1841-5) built in the form of an Egyptian Mamluk mosque. Perhaps a more surprising example is the Yenidze tobacco factory designed by Martin Hammitzsch[1] at Dresden where the minarets are used as factory chimneys. In those days the Balkan provinces provided the tobacco like Yenice, with competition from Latakia (now Syria).
See: Blog posting on Yenid(j)ze tobacco
Mavi Boncuk | The Yenidze as seen from the other side of the river Elbe.
Former Yenidze Cigarette Factory
In 1886, Jewish entrepreneur Hugo Zietz[2], which imported tobacco from Ottoman Yenidze, Thrace founded the Orientalische Tabak- und Cigarettenfabrik Yenidze (oriental tobacco and cigarette factory Yenidze). After Zietz had brought the firm into the leading group of German tobacco ware producers, he commissioned the architect, Hermann Martin Hammitzsch, to build the factory near the railway route near the Dresden city center. It was built sometime in the years of 1908-1909 as the first reinforced concrete multi storey buildings in Germany.
The name "Yenidze" derives from the tobacco cultivation area of Yenice, a place in the Grecian part of Macedonia today known as Giannitsa. "Yenidze" was also the name of the tobacco importing company that built the factory. At the time of the construction, the factory was under the Turkish administration and wanted a factory for their imported eastern tobacco to include Near-Eastern design elements.
Martin Hammitzsch, the 29-year-old engineer and architect designed an astonishing building that incorporates Turkish, Moorish and Jugendstil architectural and decorative elements. It is topped by a 20-metre-high coloured-glass dome inspired by the tombs of the Abassid Caliphs in Cairo, which can be illuminated from inside at night. Originally two steam engines produced the electricity needed to light it and project the words "Salam Aleikum". Local legislation forbade factory chimneys near the city centre but Hammitzsch got round it by disguising them as minarets. The main part of the factory consists of six floors, and rises to ten under the dome, making it when built one of the tallest structures in Dresden.
The façade, which shows the influence of Jugendstil (Art Nouveau), is made from granite, colored concrete blocks, and painted stucco. In 1907-10, Hammitzsch built this factory on Weißeritzstraße. It was the first industrial building that was constructed using a reinforced concrete frame. However, at the time of construction, the design was controversial. The style irritated the architectural community used to the buildings of baroque of the Saxonian kings in Dresden, Martin Hammitzsch was removed from the rolls of Reichsarchitektenkammer/the Association of Architects.
Dresden during the 30's became the tobacco center of Germany, with 40 factories producing over 60 per cent of all smoke goods. The Yenidze Factory was the largest in Germany. It was (like most of Dresden) heavily damaged in 1945. During the East German regime it was used as a storage facility for a manufacturing plant.
The firm of Hentrich, Petschnigg, and Partners eventually rebuilt the Tobakmoschee; and, since 1996, it has served as a building for restaurants and offices. The dome is glass and is lit from within at night and is being used very creatively to tell childrens stories under.
Architectural information from Dresden Archive (in German)
.jpg)
Note for the curious:
[1] Martin Heinrich Hammitzsch ( b. 22. May 1878 in Plauen near Dresden; d. of a suicide 12. May 1945 near Kurort Oberwiesenthal) was a Gerrman architect. He was the second husband of Angela Hitler (July 28, 1883 - October 30, 1949) the elder half-sister of Adolf Hitler. Her first husband Leo Raubal died on August 10 1910. Angela moved to Vienna and after World War I became manager of Mensa Academia Judaica, a boarding house for Jewish students where she once defended her charges against anti-Semitic rioters. Angela had heard nothing from Adolf for a decade when he re-established contact with her in 1919. In 1928 she and one of her daughters, Geli moved to Obersalzberg where she became his housekeeper and was later put in charge of the household at Hitler's expanded retreat in Berchtesgaden. Adolf Hitler began a relationship with Geli who committed suicide in 1931. She eventually left Berchtesgaden as a result and moved to Dresden. Adolf Hitler broke off relations with her and did not attend her wedding to Prof. Martin Hammitzsch.
[2] See: Tax Court of the United States. ESTATE OF HEDWIG ZIETZ, WILLY ZIETZ, ADMINISTRATOR, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT
"Hedwig was married to Hugo Zietz, a German citizen, in 1898. They resided in Dresden, Germany, until the death of Hugo. They had two sons, Hugo, Jr., and Willy.
At the time of her marriage, Hedwig did not own any property except some heavily encumbered real estate in Berlin. It was destroyed during World War II.
Hugo Zietz was engaged in the manufacture of cigarettes. He owned the business known as the Oriental Tobacco and Cigarette Factory Yenidze.
Hugo died testate in Germany on September 3, 1927. He was survived by Hedwig and their two sons. The last will and testament of Hugo was executed on May 8, 1925, in Dresden. Upon his death it was probated without contest in the Dresden court having jurisdiction. The will is incorporated herein by this reference.
Architectural information from Dresden Archive (in German)
See: Blog posting on Yenid(j)ze tobacco
Mavi Boncuk | The Yenidze as seen from the other side of the river Elbe.
Former Yenidze Cigarette Factory In 1886, Jewish entrepreneur Hugo Zietz[2], which imported tobacco from Ottoman Yenidze, Thrace founded the Orientalische Tabak- und Cigarettenfabrik Yenidze (oriental tobacco and cigarette factory Yenidze). After Zietz had brought the firm into the leading group of German tobacco ware producers, he commissioned the architect, Hermann Martin Hammitzsch, to build the factory near the railway route near the Dresden city center. It was built sometime in the years of 1908-1909 as the first reinforced concrete multi storey buildings in Germany.
The name "Yenidze" derives from the tobacco cultivation area of Yenice, a place in the Grecian part of Macedonia today known as Giannitsa. "Yenidze" was also the name of the tobacco importing company that built the factory. At the time of the construction, the factory was under the Turkish administration and wanted a factory for their imported eastern tobacco to include Near-Eastern design elements.
Martin Hammitzsch, the 29-year-old engineer and architect designed an astonishing building that incorporates Turkish, Moorish and Jugendstil architectural and decorative elements. It is topped by a 20-metre-high coloured-glass dome inspired by the tombs of the Abassid Caliphs in Cairo, which can be illuminated from inside at night. Originally two steam engines produced the electricity needed to light it and project the words "Salam Aleikum". Local legislation forbade factory chimneys near the city centre but Hammitzsch got round it by disguising them as minarets. The main part of the factory consists of six floors, and rises to ten under the dome, making it when built one of the tallest structures in Dresden. 
The façade, which shows the influence of Jugendstil (Art Nouveau), is made from granite, colored concrete blocks, and painted stucco. In 1907-10, Hammitzsch built this factory on Weißeritzstraße. It was the first industrial building that was constructed using a reinforced concrete frame. However, at the time of construction, the design was controversial. The style irritated the architectural community used to the buildings of baroque of the Saxonian kings in Dresden, Martin Hammitzsch was removed from the rolls of Reichsarchitektenkammer/the Association of Architects.Dresden during the 30's became the tobacco center of Germany, with 40 factories producing over 60 per cent of all smoke goods. The Yenidze Factory was the largest in Germany. It was (like most of Dresden) heavily damaged in 1945. During the East German regime it was used as a storage facility for a manufacturing plant.
The firm of Hentrich, Petschnigg, and Partners eventually rebuilt the Tobakmoschee; and, since 1996, it has served as a building for restaurants and offices. The dome is glass and is lit from within at night and is being used very creatively to tell childrens stories under.
Architectural information from Dresden Archive (in German)
Note for the curious:
[1] Martin Heinrich Hammitzsch ( b. 22. May 1878 in Plauen near Dresden; d. of a suicide 12. May 1945 near Kurort Oberwiesenthal) was a Gerrman architect. He was the second husband of Angela Hitler (July 28, 1883 - October 30, 1949) the elder half-sister of Adolf Hitler. Her first husband Leo Raubal died on August 10 1910. Angela moved to Vienna and after World War I became manager of Mensa Academia Judaica, a boarding house for Jewish students where she once defended her charges against anti-Semitic rioters. Angela had heard nothing from Adolf for a decade when he re-established contact with her in 1919. In 1928 she and one of her daughters, Geli moved to Obersalzberg where she became his housekeeper and was later put in charge of the household at Hitler's expanded retreat in Berchtesgaden. Adolf Hitler began a relationship with Geli who committed suicide in 1931. She eventually left Berchtesgaden as a result and moved to Dresden. Adolf Hitler broke off relations with her and did not attend her wedding to Prof. Martin Hammitzsch.
[2] See: Tax Court of the United States. ESTATE OF HEDWIG ZIETZ, WILLY ZIETZ, ADMINISTRATOR, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT
"Hedwig was married to Hugo Zietz, a German citizen, in 1898. They resided in Dresden, Germany, until the death of Hugo. They had two sons, Hugo, Jr., and Willy.
At the time of her marriage, Hedwig did not own any property except some heavily encumbered real estate in Berlin. It was destroyed during World War II.
Hugo Zietz was engaged in the manufacture of cigarettes. He owned the business known as the Oriental Tobacco and Cigarette Factory Yenidze.
Hugo died testate in Germany on September 3, 1927. He was survived by Hedwig and their two sons. The last will and testament of Hugo was executed on May 8, 1925, in Dresden. Upon his death it was probated without contest in the Dresden court having jurisdiction. The will is incorporated herein by this reference.
Architectural information from Dresden Archive (in German)
Salem Cards
The Yenidze cigarette factory was in Dresden and was named after a town in Turkey where tobacco was produced. It was designed by Martin Hammitzsch in 1909 and was distinctive in that it was built to look like a mosque. It had a glass cupola and a chimney disguised as a minaret. It is still around today and is generally known as the "Tobacco Mosque". It was restored in the 1990s and reopened in November 1996 as an office building, the name Yenidze still displayed prominently on the dome. It also houses restaurants and a discotheque.
The company started issuing cigarette cards in 1927 with Die Welt in Bildern (The World in Pictures) Album 1. These were issued in packets of Salem 4Pf and Minaret 5Pf cigarettes. Probably during this time the marketing name of the company was changed to Salem as the series is listed as having been issued under both the Yenidze and Salem names. Certainly by the time Die Welt in Bildern, Album 2 was issued, the cards gave the name of the issuer as the Salem Cigarette Factory, although the cigarettes were still known as Salem and Minaret. However this changed during the lifetime of this series as some cards indicate that they were issued with Salem 4Pf and Auslese 5Pf cigarettes. These names remained until the issue of Album 6 in 1931, when it appears that Salem cigarettes were renamed Salem Gold and the cards stopped giving the price. Subsequently it seems that the price of the cigarettes dropped to three and a third Pfennigs. The cigarettes were still known as Salem and came in two varieties with a gold mouthpiece and without a mouthpiece. After Reemtsma pictures, Salem cards along with Eckstein-Halpaus are one of the commonest makes of cards to be found today.
Thesis |The role of the tobacco trade in Turkish-American relations, 1923-29
Mavi Boncuk | The role of the tobacco trade in Turkish-American
relations, 1923-29. Thesis Link
Robert Carey Goodman[1]
Goodman, Robert Carey, "The role of the tobacco trade in Turkish-American relations, 1923-29." (1988). Master's Theses. Paper 540.
"...The American tobacco companies encountered trying setbacks in their attempts to recoup losses suffered in the Greco-Turkish War. The Turkish and American diplomats at Lausanne had agreed to handle American claims outside of the treaty negotiations, but as noted previously, the
failure to ratify the Turkish-American delayed the claim commission's convention until 1933-34.
One American tobacco company was able to press a claim immediately. In this case, curiously enough, the company sought compensation on the grounds that the Turks were not responsible for damages to American property during the war, more specifically, that the nationalist
forces were not responsible for the fire that destroyed stocks of tobacco in Izmir 1922.
Prior to the Turkish occupation of Izmir, Guardian Assurance Company, a British firm, insured the American Tobacco Company's stocks of aromatic leaf in Izmir warehouses.
When the fire destroyed this tobacco, American Tobacco sought compensation from the insurer. Arguing that the insurance policy did not cover damages resulting from an act of war, including fire, Guardian refused to pay.
The resultant civil suit came to trial in a London court in December 1924. American Tobacco lawyers contended that the fire was not the result of an act of war, but of arson by individuals and that such a calamity was possible in any Oriental city. Guardian countered that the nationalist
Turkish occupation of Izmir had led to the fire and that the destruction was a result of war. Justice Rowlatt decided that there was a causal connection between the nationalist occupation and the fire: arsonists in the Greek and Armenian quarters of the city had been able to start the fires only because the Turks failed to maintain order and discipline in the newly-captured city. Although the Turks had tried to put the fires out, the conflagration was connected with their arrival and, thus, was a consequence of war. Rowlatt rejected American Tobacco's claim; the first attempt to recoup war losses failed..."
34 American Tobacco sued for £168,245 4s. ld, but this suit was viewed as a test case which could have led to $20 million in claims from other companies. "The Smyrna Fire: Insurance Claim; American Tobacco Company, Incorporated v. Guardian Assurance Company, Limited," Times, 20 December 1924, p. 4, col. e; "American Tobacco Co. sues for $2,000,000 Loss in Smyrna Fire," USTJ, vol. 102, no. 23 (1924): 5.
35 11The Smyrna Fire: Insurance Claim, American Tobacco Company, Incorporated v. Guardian Assurance Company, Limited," Times, 20 December 1924[*], p. 4, col. e; Fred K. Nielsen, American-Turkish Claims Settlement: Under the Agreement of December 24. 1923, and Supplemental Agreements between the United States and Turkey, Opinions and Reports (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1937), pp. 24-6.
[1] Carey Goodman: Carey became the director of the Southern Teachers Agency in 1997 after fifteen years of affiliation with STA. After graduating from Trinity Episcopal School in Richmond, Virginia, he earned a B.A. from Davidson College, an M.A. from the University of Richmond, and a Ph.D. in European history from the University of Virginia. Along the way, he studied at two universities in Germany and received a Fulbright for research and teaching in Vienna, Austria. He taught in independent schools and at the college level, and is a past president of the National Association of Teachers' Agencies.
Goodman(at)SouthernTeachers(dot)com
[*] "... The epilogue of the Smyrna drama was played out in London at the High Court of Justice, during the first weeks of December 1924. The American Tobacco Company was bringing suit against the Guardian Assurance Company, Ltd. Maintaining that the fire was a result of “hostile and warlike operations”, the insurance company had invoked its exemption clause and refused to pay. The claim was for over $600,000, and it was understood that the outcome of the trial would govern other claims totaling $100,000,000.
A cast of familiar characters paraded to the witness stand before Mr. Justice Rowlatt. Spunky little Major Cherefeddin Bey described how he had been struck with a hand grenade as he led his cavalry regiment down the quay on 9 September two years before, but the Armenian culprit in his original story had now become “a uniformed, armed Greek soldier who threw the bomb”. Beyond this incident the Major had seen no disorder at Smyrna because, he said, “nothing took place”.
A Colonel Mouharren Bey admitted that feeling ran high against the Armenians because “we used to read reports in our newspapers of their behaviour, which led us to believe they were not friendly to us”. Yes, the army had distributed proclamations referring to “the injustice and cowardice of the Greeks, who nevertheless proved to be the most cruel enemy unlike any nation in the history of the human race”, but the Colonel swore that his troops were well disciplined and denied that his patrols had participated in any looting, rape or murder. “The patrols would never do such a thing”, he said.
The Colonel was recalled to the stand after a witness for the plaintiff unwittingly revealed that a cordon of Turkish soldiers had held the victims in the fire zone. “Did you want to prevent the people going anywhere?” asked Mr. A. T. Miller, representing the Guardian Assurance Company.
“Yes, we prevent them.”
“Going where?”
“We prevent them to be not escape from there only to stay there.” Mr. Justice Rowlatt thought this wasn't much of a translation.
Miller tried again with another interpreter. “Why did you have the cordon on the quay? Did you want them burnt?”
“No, only to keep them by the boats.”
During his cross-examination of Mr. Chester Griswold (of Griswold and Brunswick, fig merchants), Mr. Miller again confirmed the presence of Turkish cordons around the city.
Did Mr. Griswold think it right that the people should thus be prevented from escaping the fire?
Mr. Griswold thought it was done for their own good. The roads leading from town were in bad neighbourhoods: “A good many bad characters live around there,” he said.
Did Mr. Griswold mean to say that the cordon was placed there by the Turks “to prevent the people from falling into bad hands?”
“I presume that,” said Mr. Griswold.
Griswold testified to having carried an American flag on his car, and to having placed American sailor guards at the bakeries - not to protect the bakers, who were Greek, but simply to keep them from selling bread. He had driven around town a good deal before and after the fire, in his capacity as secretary of the relief committee. The town was quiet and he had seen no violence.
Under cross-examination Griswold admitted that his Turkish business partner was the mayor of Smyrna and that he was also a friend and associate of a man named Archbell, a director of the American Tobacco Company - the plaintiff in the case.
Mr. Rene Guichet, chief engineer of the French railway company, with offices at the edge of the Armenian quarter, had seen nothing unusual before the fire except a little pillaging and heard nothing except a few “joy firings”; but he had to concede that there was essentially little difference in the sound of a gun being fired in joy or in anger. The Armenian population had not been molested so far as he knew because they were at first “closed in”, and later “they had left”. Again, he was forced to admit that it was not easy to tell the difference between people shut indoors and people absent, but he had an intuitive feeling of the way it had been.
Witnesses of every nationality, including an English business associate of the enterprising Mr. Archbell (this one in the garage and agricultural machinery business) supported the view that a single fire had spread accidentally, through the force of the wind.
Mr. Justice Rowlatt did not feel enlightened when the plaintiffs had rested their case. “This is one of the vaguest cases I've ever tried,” he complained.
“I’ m afraid it is very difficult, my lord,” Miller conceded.
“If this was a more civilized city,” mused the Judge, “one very probable explanation would be that somebody who was looting had got drunk. But as it is a semi-barbarous place the question of drink is not mentioned in the case.”
The haze began to clear as the defendant's witnesses took the stand. British naval officers offered their logs in evidence that while the wind was pleasantly brisk it was by no means stiff enough to fan the flames from the Collegiate Institute clear to the quay. Nurse Mabel Kalfa, the Reverend Charles Dobson, Major Maxwell of the Royal Marines, Sir Harry Lamb, members of the Smyrna fire department, and others were explicit about the origin and spreading of the flames and about the increase in violence as the days went on. A number of victims described their experiences. Among these was a lady who had been raped, whose daughter had been assaulted, and whose father had been slain by Turkish soldiers. In a dramatic cross-examination Mr. Wright, representing the plaintiff, implied that she was masquerading under a false name, but was unable to prove his Allegation. He had no better luck in trying to shake the firemen's stories. “It must have struck you as a remarkable thing that the Turks were saying they were allowed to burn down Smyrna,” he told fireman Katzaros.
“Why should it appear remarkable when I saw it myself?” “Did you mention it to your fellow workmen at the fire brigade afterwards ?”
“If I mentioned that,” said Katzaros, “they would have hanged me by the tongue.”
During his summation Wright noted severely, “This is a charge against a nation,” but he drew signs of amusement in the courtroom when he insisted that the Turks had “made every attempt to maintain order”. By now thoroughly frustrated, the counsel for the plaintiff asked the Judge to admonish the opposition: “With great respect, my lord, the case here is serious, the evidence is flimsy, and it is not made the less flimsy by my learned friend ridiculing what I am saying!”
“No, no,” said the Judge. “But I do not know that the other side, who will not be able to reply, are called upon not to laugh at what you said.”
On Friday, 19 December, Mr. Justice Rowlatt delivered a considered judgment in favour of the defendant insurance company. The Judge, according to the London Times, entertained no doubt about the occurrences.
Neither the trial nor the verdict made much of an impact on the historical record, even in England. Not long afterwards a British publisher informed George Horton that The Blight of Asia could not be published there because “the British public was now so interested in the Mosul oil interests that they did not wish anything circulated that might offend the Turks”. In a letter to Horton, Venizelos confirmed this opposition as “decisive”...."
SOURCE SMYRNA 1922: The Destruction of a City, authored by Professor Marjorie Housepian Dobkin, published by Newmark Press, NY, NY, USA, in 1998. Marjorie Anais Housepian Dobkin(d. February 8, 2013) was Professor Emerita in English at Barnard College, Columbia University, New York.
Goodman, Robert Carey, "The role of the tobacco trade in Turkish-American relations, 1923-29." (1988). Master's Theses. Paper 540.
"...The American tobacco companies encountered trying setbacks in their attempts to recoup losses suffered in the Greco-Turkish War. The Turkish and American diplomats at Lausanne had agreed to handle American claims outside of the treaty negotiations, but as noted previously, the
failure to ratify the Turkish-American delayed the claim commission's convention until 1933-34.
One American tobacco company was able to press a claim immediately. In this case, curiously enough, the company sought compensation on the grounds that the Turks were not responsible for damages to American property during the war, more specifically, that the nationalist
forces were not responsible for the fire that destroyed stocks of tobacco in Izmir 1922.
Prior to the Turkish occupation of Izmir, Guardian Assurance Company, a British firm, insured the American Tobacco Company's stocks of aromatic leaf in Izmir warehouses.
When the fire destroyed this tobacco, American Tobacco sought compensation from the insurer. Arguing that the insurance policy did not cover damages resulting from an act of war, including fire, Guardian refused to pay.
The resultant civil suit came to trial in a London court in December 1924. American Tobacco lawyers contended that the fire was not the result of an act of war, but of arson by individuals and that such a calamity was possible in any Oriental city. Guardian countered that the nationalist
Turkish occupation of Izmir had led to the fire and that the destruction was a result of war. Justice Rowlatt decided that there was a causal connection between the nationalist occupation and the fire: arsonists in the Greek and Armenian quarters of the city had been able to start the fires only because the Turks failed to maintain order and discipline in the newly-captured city. Although the Turks had tried to put the fires out, the conflagration was connected with their arrival and, thus, was a consequence of war. Rowlatt rejected American Tobacco's claim; the first attempt to recoup war losses failed..."
34 American Tobacco sued for £168,245 4s. ld, but this suit was viewed as a test case which could have led to $20 million in claims from other companies. "The Smyrna Fire: Insurance Claim; American Tobacco Company, Incorporated v. Guardian Assurance Company, Limited," Times, 20 December 1924, p. 4, col. e; "American Tobacco Co. sues for $2,000,000 Loss in Smyrna Fire," USTJ, vol. 102, no. 23 (1924): 5.
35 11The Smyrna Fire: Insurance Claim, American Tobacco Company, Incorporated v. Guardian Assurance Company, Limited," Times, 20 December 1924[*], p. 4, col. e; Fred K. Nielsen, American-Turkish Claims Settlement: Under the Agreement of December 24. 1923, and Supplemental Agreements between the United States and Turkey, Opinions and Reports (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1937), pp. 24-6.
[1] Carey Goodman: Carey became the director of the Southern Teachers Agency in 1997 after fifteen years of affiliation with STA. After graduating from Trinity Episcopal School in Richmond, Virginia, he earned a B.A. from Davidson College, an M.A. from the University of Richmond, and a Ph.D. in European history from the University of Virginia. Along the way, he studied at two universities in Germany and received a Fulbright for research and teaching in Vienna, Austria. He taught in independent schools and at the college level, and is a past president of the National Association of Teachers' Agencies.
Goodman(at)SouthernTeachers(dot)com
[*] "... The epilogue of the Smyrna drama was played out in London at the High Court of Justice, during the first weeks of December 1924. The American Tobacco Company was bringing suit against the Guardian Assurance Company, Ltd. Maintaining that the fire was a result of “hostile and warlike operations”, the insurance company had invoked its exemption clause and refused to pay. The claim was for over $600,000, and it was understood that the outcome of the trial would govern other claims totaling $100,000,000.
A cast of familiar characters paraded to the witness stand before Mr. Justice Rowlatt. Spunky little Major Cherefeddin Bey described how he had been struck with a hand grenade as he led his cavalry regiment down the quay on 9 September two years before, but the Armenian culprit in his original story had now become “a uniformed, armed Greek soldier who threw the bomb”. Beyond this incident the Major had seen no disorder at Smyrna because, he said, “nothing took place”.
A Colonel Mouharren Bey admitted that feeling ran high against the Armenians because “we used to read reports in our newspapers of their behaviour, which led us to believe they were not friendly to us”. Yes, the army had distributed proclamations referring to “the injustice and cowardice of the Greeks, who nevertheless proved to be the most cruel enemy unlike any nation in the history of the human race”, but the Colonel swore that his troops were well disciplined and denied that his patrols had participated in any looting, rape or murder. “The patrols would never do such a thing”, he said.
The Colonel was recalled to the stand after a witness for the plaintiff unwittingly revealed that a cordon of Turkish soldiers had held the victims in the fire zone. “Did you want to prevent the people going anywhere?” asked Mr. A. T. Miller, representing the Guardian Assurance Company.
“Yes, we prevent them.”
“Going where?”
“We prevent them to be not escape from there only to stay there.” Mr. Justice Rowlatt thought this wasn't much of a translation.
Miller tried again with another interpreter. “Why did you have the cordon on the quay? Did you want them burnt?”
“No, only to keep them by the boats.”
During his cross-examination of Mr. Chester Griswold (of Griswold and Brunswick, fig merchants), Mr. Miller again confirmed the presence of Turkish cordons around the city.
Did Mr. Griswold think it right that the people should thus be prevented from escaping the fire?
Mr. Griswold thought it was done for their own good. The roads leading from town were in bad neighbourhoods: “A good many bad characters live around there,” he said.
Did Mr. Griswold mean to say that the cordon was placed there by the Turks “to prevent the people from falling into bad hands?”
“I presume that,” said Mr. Griswold.
Griswold testified to having carried an American flag on his car, and to having placed American sailor guards at the bakeries - not to protect the bakers, who were Greek, but simply to keep them from selling bread. He had driven around town a good deal before and after the fire, in his capacity as secretary of the relief committee. The town was quiet and he had seen no violence.
Under cross-examination Griswold admitted that his Turkish business partner was the mayor of Smyrna and that he was also a friend and associate of a man named Archbell, a director of the American Tobacco Company - the plaintiff in the case.
Mr. Rene Guichet, chief engineer of the French railway company, with offices at the edge of the Armenian quarter, had seen nothing unusual before the fire except a little pillaging and heard nothing except a few “joy firings”; but he had to concede that there was essentially little difference in the sound of a gun being fired in joy or in anger. The Armenian population had not been molested so far as he knew because they were at first “closed in”, and later “they had left”. Again, he was forced to admit that it was not easy to tell the difference between people shut indoors and people absent, but he had an intuitive feeling of the way it had been.
Witnesses of every nationality, including an English business associate of the enterprising Mr. Archbell (this one in the garage and agricultural machinery business) supported the view that a single fire had spread accidentally, through the force of the wind.
Mr. Justice Rowlatt did not feel enlightened when the plaintiffs had rested their case. “This is one of the vaguest cases I've ever tried,” he complained.
“I’ m afraid it is very difficult, my lord,” Miller conceded.
“If this was a more civilized city,” mused the Judge, “one very probable explanation would be that somebody who was looting had got drunk. But as it is a semi-barbarous place the question of drink is not mentioned in the case.”
The haze began to clear as the defendant's witnesses took the stand. British naval officers offered their logs in evidence that while the wind was pleasantly brisk it was by no means stiff enough to fan the flames from the Collegiate Institute clear to the quay. Nurse Mabel Kalfa, the Reverend Charles Dobson, Major Maxwell of the Royal Marines, Sir Harry Lamb, members of the Smyrna fire department, and others were explicit about the origin and spreading of the flames and about the increase in violence as the days went on. A number of victims described their experiences. Among these was a lady who had been raped, whose daughter had been assaulted, and whose father had been slain by Turkish soldiers. In a dramatic cross-examination Mr. Wright, representing the plaintiff, implied that she was masquerading under a false name, but was unable to prove his Allegation. He had no better luck in trying to shake the firemen's stories. “It must have struck you as a remarkable thing that the Turks were saying they were allowed to burn down Smyrna,” he told fireman Katzaros.
“Why should it appear remarkable when I saw it myself?” “Did you mention it to your fellow workmen at the fire brigade afterwards ?”
“If I mentioned that,” said Katzaros, “they would have hanged me by the tongue.”
During his summation Wright noted severely, “This is a charge against a nation,” but he drew signs of amusement in the courtroom when he insisted that the Turks had “made every attempt to maintain order”. By now thoroughly frustrated, the counsel for the plaintiff asked the Judge to admonish the opposition: “With great respect, my lord, the case here is serious, the evidence is flimsy, and it is not made the less flimsy by my learned friend ridiculing what I am saying!”
“No, no,” said the Judge. “But I do not know that the other side, who will not be able to reply, are called upon not to laugh at what you said.”
On Friday, 19 December, Mr. Justice Rowlatt delivered a considered judgment in favour of the defendant insurance company. The Judge, according to the London Times, entertained no doubt about the occurrences.
Neither the trial nor the verdict made much of an impact on the historical record, even in England. Not long afterwards a British publisher informed George Horton that The Blight of Asia could not be published there because “the British public was now so interested in the Mosul oil interests that they did not wish anything circulated that might offend the Turks”. In a letter to Horton, Venizelos confirmed this opposition as “decisive”...."
SOURCE SMYRNA 1922: The Destruction of a City, authored by Professor Marjorie Housepian Dobkin, published by Newmark Press, NY, NY, USA, in 1998. Marjorie Anais Housepian Dobkin(d. February 8, 2013) was Professor Emerita in English at Barnard College, Columbia University, New York.
March 05, 2015
American Garage, Pangaldi
Mavi Boncuk | Levant Trade Review 1927 ad.
Edgar B.Howard listed as a Sheffield Scientific School1909 graduate (Bryn Mawr, Pa, Agr.) in Alumni Directory of Yale University: Graduates and Non-graduates 1920 By Yale University
Edgar B.Howard listed as a Sheffield Scientific School1909 graduate (Bryn Mawr, Pa, Agr.) in Alumni Directory of Yale University: Graduates and Non-graduates 1920 By Yale University
Tilda Kemal olarak bilinen çevirmen
Abdülhamid'in baştabibi[1] Jak Mandil [2][4] Paşa'nın[3] torunu ve babasi Osmanli Bankasi direktoru olan Henri H. Mandil'in kızı ve yazar Yaşar Kemal'in 50 yıllık hayat arkadaşı Tilda (Mathilda) Kemal (Gökçeli) 1923 yılında doğmuştu. Engin İngilizce, Fransızca, İspanyolca bilgisi, şiir-felsefe-edebiyat görgüsüyle merhume Tilda Kemal, Yaşar Kemal'in 17 kitabını İngilizce'ye çevirerek, başta Mitterrand olmak üzere pekçok ünlü Batılı'nın onu keşfetmesinde büyük katkısı oldu. Tilda Kemal, bu yüzden Türkiye'de çok tartışıldı. Yaşar Kemal uluslararası üne kavuştukça, her ikisi hakkında da çeşitli suçlamalar yapıldı. İki kültürü de benimseyip özümseyen Tilda, herhangi bir İngiliz halk şarkısından Âşık Veysel'e, Shakespeare'in bir sonesinden Şeyh Galip'e, benzerlikleri yakalayabilen biriydi.Mavi Boncuk |
Yaşar-Tilda Kemal Bu yılın 19 ocak cuma günü, türk toplumu çoğumuzun tanıdığı birçok kimsenin de ölümüyle hatırladığı olağanüstü yetenekli, pek az rastlanır çalışkanlık ve bilgi birikimine sahip bir aydınını uğurladı. ilahiyat profesörü emin ışık; teşvikiye camii’ndeki kalabalık cenaze namazından sonra zincirlikuyu’daki kabri başında onun için;
"Yaşar Kemal gibi değerli bir varlığımıza hizmet etmiş bir memleket evladı yatıyor" diyordu
Herkes tilda gökçeli’yi, yaşar kemal’in 17 romanını ingilizce’ye aktaran mütercim olarak tanıyor, ama bu kültür aktarımının ardındaki portreyi yeni yeni değerlendirmeye başlıyoruz.
Tilda Gökçeli, 1940’ların parlayan yazarının eşi ve mütercimi, hiçbir zaman sıradan olmayan zeka ve nitelikte bir zarif insandı. ıı. abdülhamid devrinin ünlü saray hekimi jak mandil paşa’nın torunu... mandil paşa kültür tarihimizde "lisanı türki komisyonu"nu teşkil ederek osmanlı musevileri’nin dil ve kültür alanında türkleştirilmesi için çalışan bir osmanlı münevveri... 1923 doğumlu bilgili, diller bilen bir genç olan tilda 1948’de ingiliz nafen haber ajansında çevirmenlik yaparken yaşar kemal’i tanımış ve hayran olduğu genç yazarın bu tarihten sonra mütercimi olmayı iş edinmişti.
Tercüme edebiyatının halen en gülünç örneklerini sergilendiği bir memleketteyiz. bu ortamda tilda gökçeli gibi çok özgün bir kişilikten söz etmek zorundayız. eşine az rastlanır derecede bir ingilizce bilgisinin yanında edebi düzeyde de bir fransızcası vardı. bunları türkiye’de edinmek çalışkanlığın ötesinde, doğal yetenek ister. demek ki her "yabancı dil biliyorum" diyen çeviri yapmaya heveslenmemelidir. bu gibi insanlarda rastlanan bir niteliği daha vardı. yaşar kemal’in romanlarındaki sayısız bitki, zirai terimi çevirmek için benzer yapılardaki ülkelerin köy ve köylülerini anlatan romanlarını okurdu ve bunlardan edindiği özgün terimleri sınıflandırdığı bir sözlük defter telif etmişti; umut ederiz bu sözlük kaybolmadan neşredilir. "okumuyorlar" sözünü bence en yetkili olarak kullananlardandı. çünkü çok okurdu ve okuduklarıyla etrafındakilere yeni ufuklar açtığı görülüyordu. mitoloji üzerine batı’daki en son monografileri izlerdi. girit medeniyetinden batı afrika’ya, tarihte ve haldeki sözlü kültür ve yazılı edebiyat ürünlerini heyecanla özümser ve naklederdi. 17 romanı hiç kimse bu parlaklıkta ingilizce’ye çeviremezdi. nitekim yaşar kemal’i de başka yazarlarımızı da çevirenler oldu. ama yaşar kemal’in romanları sayısız dildeki onca değişik mütercime rağmen, asıl Tilda Gökçeli’nin kalemi ile dış dünyada hakkı verilerek okundu ve hayranlık kazandı. tilda gökçeli beynelmilel vasıflara sahip bir aydındı; ama kozmopolit değildi. çok aydınımızdan önce bu yurdun renklerini, taşrasını keşfetmişti. bunlara bağlıydı ve kültürel çevre tahrip oldukça herkesten önce o feryat ederdi. 1970’lerin başında Tilda Gökçeli ve Yaşar Kemal’in de katıldığı birkaç istanbul gezisi yapmıştık. o zaman böyle geziler hiç moda değildi. türkçe’de de hiçbir Istanbul rehberi kitabı yoktu. büyük sevinç ve merakla yaptığı bu yürüyüşlerde en adım atılmadık köşelerdeki eserler üzerine en az bilindik şeyleri söylerdi. sözde toplumsal tahlillerin yapıldığı ortamlarda; çevreye edebiyat ve tarihten en renkli ufukları açardı. bunlar tilda gökçeli’nin özgün yanlarıydı. ama herkese örnek olacak ve kalıcı yanlarından biri disiplindi. bir memuriyeti yoktu, bir kuruma bağlı olarak çalışmıyordu; ama disiplinli ve vakitli çalıştığı çok açıktı. ardında kocaman bütçeli bakanlık ve kurumların lafını edip beceremedikleri bir çeviri eser külliyatı ve edebiyatımızı tanıtma yoğunluğuyla geçen bir ömür bırakarak anılarımıza yerleşti. çeviri nankör iş,
ama bizler nankör değiliz; onu sevdiğimiz geçen hafta anlaşılıyordu.
Ilber Ortaylı
Link to Article
[1] His eye doctor was Elias Kohen Paşa
[2] Leon Mandil's grandfather, Jak Mandil Pasha, was personal doctor to sultan Abdülhamid II. His younger sister Tilda Kemal (b. 1923, d. 2003) married novelist Yaşar Kemal.
After the long phase of the Phony War (Drôle de guerre) and the occupation of southern France by the German Army, the consulate located in Marseille and headed by Necdet Kent was moved to Grenoble, Switzerland, which was a neutral nation. The coordination work was carried out by Leon Mandil, a Turkish Jew appointed a decade before by Atatürk as "special attaché". He had a perfect command of the French language and culture. His family had been prominent in Turkey since the 19th century.
In 1939 then President İsmet İnönü hand-picked Behiç Erkin[*] for the post of ambassador to France. Erkin's standing with the national government was critical to his mission of being able to save people from being dispatched to Nazi concentration camps in Eastern Europe. His decision to maintain the consulate in Paris even after the Occupation enabled his staff to keep closer watch and rescue Turkish Jews in the Paris area. In 1942-1943, Erkin personally arranged the evacuation across Europe to Turkey by rail of thousands of Turkish-associated Jews.
According to a census French authorities conducted under German Army direction in autumn 1940, 3,381 of a total of 113,467 Jews over age 15, residing in Paris and holding French nationality, were of Turkish origin. The total number of ethnic Turkish Jews were estimated at five thousand people if those under 15 were counted. Scholars have estimated possibly ten thousand Jews of Turkish origin for the whole of France at the time. Turkey's Code allowed for double nationality, but people had to update their registry at the consulate every five years to preserve a Turkish identity. Many former Turkish nationals in France had neglected this, as most had lived there for decades. Ties to their parents' country were often reduced to anecdotal level. Scholars estimate that approximately ten thousand Jews who solely held the Turkish nationality may have resided in France at the time.
[*] Behiç Erkin (1876 in Constantinople, Ottoman Empire-November 11, 1961 in Istanbul, Turkey) was a career Army officer; first director (1920–1926) of the Turkish State Railways, nationalized under his auspices; and statesman with the Turkish government who helped save almost 20,000 ethnic Jews in France during World War II. He was Minister of Public Works, 1926–1928, and deputy for three terms; and an ambassador. He served as Turkey's ambassador to Budapest between 1928–1939, and to Paris and Vichy between August 1939-August 1943. As Turkish ambassador in France under the German Occupation after June 1940, Erkin used the power of his office and nation's neutrality to save Jews who could document a Turkish connection, however slight, from the Holocaust.
Other Turkish diplomats in France and elsewhere, were also active in this rescue effort. The consulate staff under Necdet Kent in Marseille was particularly involved.
[3] The American Chamber of Commerce in Istanbul was based in Yıldız Han in Galata and its remit stretched across the Levant, with its base in Istanbul. In 1915 its executive committee were: Alphonse Lebet, Harry Mandil, Hobart Nerhararyan, Theodore Reppen, Francis Sarantis, Jules Aslan Fresco, Theedore J. Demon, Theodore N. Curmussi, Adolph Coronel, Jean Constantini and A. G. Arsen, with the president being Marcellus Bowen.
[4] Sevim Burak (1931-1983). His mother Anne-Maria Mandil was a 1910 refugee from Bulgaria/Romania.
"Haham Şemoil Mendil (?-1849): Mecmualarda haham namiyle maruf olan Semoil, takriben bundan 100 sene evvel Istanbulda yasamistir. Bilhassa Nigris ve Nehavend bes- teleri, Yegah ve Nuhuft, Hisar ve AcemaSiran fasillariyie maruftur. 2 Bestesi ve 1 yürük semaisi günümüze kadar gelebilmiştir. Semoil, 1317 Hicri tarihince vefat eden Kulekapi Mevlevi Seyhi, musiki Ustadi Seyh Ataullah Efendinin hocasi olan haham Avram Mandil Efendinin pederidir.
Haham Avram Mandil Efendi | Rabbi Avram Mandil (1820-1883) known as Haham Aga used to sing in a tekke of the Mevlevi mystical order in Galata, Istanbul, and was the teacher of the mystic Sheikh Ayatullah[**]
Mirimiran rutbesini haiz sivil hekim Jak Pasa Mandil. Istanbul Darulfunun subelerinde: Tib Fakultesinde: Jak Mandil Pasa: Seririyati dahiliye muallim muavini. "
Source: FULL TEXT Turkler ve Yahudiler by Avram Galanti, Emekli Universite Profesoru ve Nigde eski Milletvekili
[**] Galante, Avram, Türkler ve Yahudiler : Tarihi ve Siyasi Tetkik (Jews and Turcs: a Historical and Political Study, (Istanbul : Tan, 1947). Quoted by Dorn Sezgin, op.cit. The use of the title Aga denotes clearly the affiliation of Rabbi Mandil to this order.
March 02, 2015
Adalet Emina Pee
See her in a video.
"Bei Achmed Beh": Im Nachtclub mit der Nazi-Führung [1]
Mavi Boncuk | Turkish oriental dancer and actress. Adalet Emine Pee [2] was born in February 29, 1910 as Emine Adalet in Istanbul, Turkey. (d. 1985 Istanbul, Turkey. ) as Emine Adalet. During the first years of the Turkish Republic, she became quite famous. She started dancing at age 14. She married a German and eventually went to Germany (1935) to further her dance career.
She was rumored to act as a spy and passed the information such as the occupation of Paris, to Turkish authorities. Her husband died during an air bombardment in 1942 and she returned to Turkey.
She danced before royalty and statesmen ranging from Hitler, Joseph Goebbelsand M.K. Ataturk, performing on stages in America, Egypt and England.
She was also known as an actress, for "The City That Liberated Itself | Kendini Kurtaran Şehir / Şanlı Maraş (1951) by Faruk Kenç from a screenplay by Sinan Korle , Sara Korle and Behçet Kemal Çağlar (she was the canto singer), "Akdeniz Korsanları" (1950) written and directed by Kadri Ögelman and "Uçuruma Doğru" by Şadan Kamil (1949) an adaptation of "Der Postmeister / Arabacının Kızı" (1940) based on Alexander Pushkin novel; "Yanik Kaval" (1947) by Baha Gelenbevi, Yuvamı Yıkamazsın (1947) by Kani Kıpçak and as her debut film "Deniz Kızı" (1944) by Baha Gelenbevi
[1] Bei Achmed Beh, 1944. Germany. 9 min. An anonymous film, made towards the end of the war, about an inner-city burlesque nightclub where Wehrmacht soldiers mingle with the Vienna bourgeoisie.
[2] Married to Henry Pee in Germany. Dutch: from a short form of the personal name Piet, Dutch form of Peter.English (West Midlands): variant of Pea.
See also : Birsen TALAY KEŞOĞLU, Yeditepe University Department of History| Cumhuriyet Döneminin İlk Dansözü: Emine Adalet Pee, The First Belly Dancer of the Republic of Turkey: Emine Adalet Pee (WOMEN’S LIBRARY AND INFORMATION CENTER FOUNDATION AND YEDITEPE UNIVERSITY- HISTORY DEPARTMENT Symposium) Writing Women's Lives: Auto/Biography, Life Narratives, Myths and Historiography April 19 – 20, 2014 / Istanbul – Yeditepe University
Top Turkish Talent by Jasmin Jahal, January 2002
TELEVİZYON ÜZERİNDEN KISA DANSÖZ TARİHİ by Gökhan Akçura
Mavi Boncuk | Turkish oriental dancer and actress. Adalet Emine Pee [2] was born in February 29, 1910 as Emine Adalet in Istanbul, Turkey. (d. 1985 Istanbul, Turkey. ) as Emine Adalet. During the first years of the Turkish Republic, she became quite famous. She started dancing at age 14. She married a German and eventually went to Germany (1935) to further her dance career. She was rumored to act as a spy and passed the information such as the occupation of Paris, to Turkish authorities. Her husband died during an air bombardment in 1942 and she returned to Turkey.
She danced before royalty and statesmen ranging from Hitler, Joseph Goebbelsand M.K. Ataturk, performing on stages in America, Egypt and England.
She was also known as an actress, for "The City That Liberated Itself | Kendini Kurtaran Şehir / Şanlı Maraş (1951) by Faruk Kenç from a screenplay by Sinan Korle , Sara Korle and Behçet Kemal Çağlar (she was the canto singer), "Akdeniz Korsanları" (1950) written and directed by Kadri Ögelman and "Uçuruma Doğru" by Şadan Kamil (1949) an adaptation of "Der Postmeister / Arabacının Kızı" (1940) based on Alexander Pushkin novel; "Yanik Kaval" (1947) by Baha Gelenbevi, Yuvamı Yıkamazsın (1947) by Kani Kıpçak and as her debut film "Deniz Kızı" (1944) by Baha Gelenbevi
[1] Bei Achmed Beh, 1944. Germany. 9 min. An anonymous film, made towards the end of the war, about an inner-city burlesque nightclub where Wehrmacht soldiers mingle with the Vienna bourgeoisie.
[2] Married to Henry Pee in Germany. Dutch: from a short form of the personal name Piet, Dutch form of Peter.English (West Midlands): variant of Pea.
See also : Birsen TALAY KEŞOĞLU, Yeditepe University Department of History| Cumhuriyet Döneminin İlk Dansözü: Emine Adalet Pee, The First Belly Dancer of the Republic of Turkey: Emine Adalet Pee (WOMEN’S LIBRARY AND INFORMATION CENTER FOUNDATION AND YEDITEPE UNIVERSITY- HISTORY DEPARTMENT Symposium) Writing Women's Lives: Auto/Biography, Life Narratives, Myths and Historiography April 19 – 20, 2014 / Istanbul – Yeditepe University
Top Turkish Talent by Jasmin Jahal, January 2002
TELEVİZYON ÜZERİNDEN KISA DANSÖZ TARİHİ by Gökhan Akçura
Word Origin | Averaj, Aylak, Avare
Mavi Boncuk |
Averaj: from Arabic ˁawār عوار hasar, kusur TR; Damage, fault EN;
Average EN[1]; "ortalama" TR [ Cumhuriyet - gazete, 1938]
Futbolun doğduğu memleket olan İngiltere'nin kullanmakta olduğu averaj şeklini
Aylak: oldTR [ Mukaddimetü'l-Edeb, 1300]; boşlağ ḳıldı anı, aylaḳ [işsiz, atıl] ḳodı anı; oldTR: aylanmak "dönmek, dolanmak" [ Mukaddimetü'l-Edeb, 1300]
aylanu uçdı kuş [dolanarak uçtu]. Hinting the circular motion of the bird.
Avare: [anon., Tezkiret-ül Evliya, 1341] buları maḳāmından āvāre kıldım from Persian āvāre آواره kayıp, evinden uzak düşmüş, aylak TR; lost, vagabond[2] EN, someone way from home.
Not to be mixed with: avarice[3]
[1] Average: late 15c., "financial loss incurred through damage to goods in transit," from French avarie "damage to ship," and Italian avaria; a word from 12c. Mediterranean maritime trade (compare Spanish averia; other Germanic forms, Dutch avarij, German haferei, etc., also are from Romanic languages), which is of uncertain origin. Sometimes traced to Arabic 'arwariya "damaged merchandise." Meaning shifted to "equal sharing of such loss by the interested parties." Transferred sense of "statement of a medial estimate" is first recorded 1735. The mathematical extension is from 1755.
From Arabic عوار ʿawār, a defect, or anything defective or damaged, including partially spoiled merchandise; plus عواري ʿawārī = "of or relating to ʿawār"; and عوارية ʿawārīa (slimly attested wordform), relating to a state of partial damage.[46] Within the Western languages the word's history begins in medieval sea-commerce on the Mediterranean. 12th century Genoa Latin avaria meant "damage, loss and unexpected expenses arising during a merchant sea voyage"; and the same meaning for avaria is in Provence in 1210, Barcelona in 1258 and Florence in the late 13th. 15th century French avarie had the same meaning, and it begot English "averay" (1491) and English "average" (1502) with the same meaning. Today, Italian avaria, Catalan avaria and French avarie still have the primary meaning of "damage".
The huge transformation of the meaning in English began with the practice in later medieval and early modern Western merchant marine law contracts under which if the ship met a bad storm and some of the goods had to be thrown overboard to make the ship lighter and safer, then all merchants whose goods were on the ship were to suffer proportionately (and not whoever's goods were thrown overboard); and more generally there was to be proportionate distribution of any avaria. From there the word was adopted by British insurers, creditors, and merchants for talking about their losses as being spread across their whole portfolio of assets and having a mean proportion.
Today's meaning developed out of that, and started in the mid 18th century, and started in English.
[2] Vagabond (noun) c.1400, earlier wagabund (in a criminal indictment from 1311); see vagabond (adj.). Despite the earliest use, in Middle English often merely "one who is without a settled home, a vagrant" but not necessarily in a bad sense. Notion of "idle, disreputable person" predominated from 17c. early 15c. (earlier vacabond, c.1400), from Old French vagabond, vacabond "wandering, unsteady" (14c.), from Late Latin vagabundus "wandering, strolling about," from Latin vagari "wander" (from vagus "wandering, undecided;" see vague) + gerundive suffix -bundus.
Vagary (noun) 1570s, "a wandering, a roaming journey," from Italian vagare or directly from Latin vagari "to wander, stroll about, roam, be unsettled, spread abroad," from vagus "roving, wandering" (see vague). The infinitive appears to have been adopted in English as a noun and conformed to nouns in -ary, "but this can hardly be explained except as an orig. university use" [Century Dictionary]. Current meaning of "eccentric notion or conduct" (1620s) is from notion of mental wandering. Related: Vagaries.
Vagrant (noun) mid-15c., "person who lacks regular employment, one without fixed abode, a tramp," probably from Anglo-French vageraunt, also wacrant, walcrant, which is said in many sources to be a noun use of the past participle of Old French walcrer "to wander," from Frankish (Germanic) *walken, from the same source as Old Norse valka "wander" and English walk (v.). Under this theory the word was influenced by Old French vagant, vagaunt "wandering," from Latin vagantem (nominative vagans), past participle of vagari "to wander, stroll about" (see vagary). But on another theory the Anglo-French word ultimately is from Old French vagant, with an intrusive -r-. Middle English also had vagaunt "wandering, without fixed abode" (late 14c.), from Old French vagant.
palliard (noun) Look up palliard at Dictionary.com late 15c., "vagabond or beggar" (who sleeps on straw in barns), from Middle French paillard, from Old French paillart "tramp, beggar, vagabond" (13c.), from paille "straw" (see pallet (n.1); also see -ard).
Truant (noun) Look up truant at Dictionary.com c.1200, "beggar, vagabond," from Old French truant "beggar, rogue" (12c.), as an adjective, "wretched, miserable, of low caste," from Gaulish *trougant- (compare Breton *truan, later truant "vagabond," Welsh truan "wretch," Gaelic truaghan "wretched"), of uncertain origin. Compare Spanish truhan "buffoon," from same source. Meaning "one who wanders from an appointed place," especially "a child who stays away from school without leave" is first attested mid-15c.
[3] Avarice (noun) c.1300, from Old French avarice "greed, covetousness" (12c.), from Latin avaritia "greed," from avarus "greedy," adjectival form of avere "crave, long for."
Averaj: from Arabic ˁawār عوار hasar, kusur TR; Damage, fault EN;
Average EN[1]; "ortalama" TR [ Cumhuriyet - gazete, 1938]
Futbolun doğduğu memleket olan İngiltere'nin kullanmakta olduğu averaj şeklini
Aylak: oldTR [ Mukaddimetü'l-Edeb, 1300]; boşlağ ḳıldı anı, aylaḳ [işsiz, atıl] ḳodı anı; oldTR: aylanmak "dönmek, dolanmak" [ Mukaddimetü'l-Edeb, 1300]
aylanu uçdı kuş [dolanarak uçtu]. Hinting the circular motion of the bird.
Avare: [anon., Tezkiret-ül Evliya, 1341] buları maḳāmından āvāre kıldım from Persian āvāre آواره kayıp, evinden uzak düşmüş, aylak TR; lost, vagabond[2] EN, someone way from home.
Not to be mixed with: avarice[3]
[1] Average: late 15c., "financial loss incurred through damage to goods in transit," from French avarie "damage to ship," and Italian avaria; a word from 12c. Mediterranean maritime trade (compare Spanish averia; other Germanic forms, Dutch avarij, German haferei, etc., also are from Romanic languages), which is of uncertain origin. Sometimes traced to Arabic 'arwariya "damaged merchandise." Meaning shifted to "equal sharing of such loss by the interested parties." Transferred sense of "statement of a medial estimate" is first recorded 1735. The mathematical extension is from 1755.
From Arabic عوار ʿawār, a defect, or anything defective or damaged, including partially spoiled merchandise; plus عواري ʿawārī = "of or relating to ʿawār"; and عوارية ʿawārīa (slimly attested wordform), relating to a state of partial damage.[46] Within the Western languages the word's history begins in medieval sea-commerce on the Mediterranean. 12th century Genoa Latin avaria meant "damage, loss and unexpected expenses arising during a merchant sea voyage"; and the same meaning for avaria is in Provence in 1210, Barcelona in 1258 and Florence in the late 13th. 15th century French avarie had the same meaning, and it begot English "averay" (1491) and English "average" (1502) with the same meaning. Today, Italian avaria, Catalan avaria and French avarie still have the primary meaning of "damage".
The huge transformation of the meaning in English began with the practice in later medieval and early modern Western merchant marine law contracts under which if the ship met a bad storm and some of the goods had to be thrown overboard to make the ship lighter and safer, then all merchants whose goods were on the ship were to suffer proportionately (and not whoever's goods were thrown overboard); and more generally there was to be proportionate distribution of any avaria. From there the word was adopted by British insurers, creditors, and merchants for talking about their losses as being spread across their whole portfolio of assets and having a mean proportion.
Today's meaning developed out of that, and started in the mid 18th century, and started in English.
[2] Vagabond (noun) c.1400, earlier wagabund (in a criminal indictment from 1311); see vagabond (adj.). Despite the earliest use, in Middle English often merely "one who is without a settled home, a vagrant" but not necessarily in a bad sense. Notion of "idle, disreputable person" predominated from 17c. early 15c. (earlier vacabond, c.1400), from Old French vagabond, vacabond "wandering, unsteady" (14c.), from Late Latin vagabundus "wandering, strolling about," from Latin vagari "wander" (from vagus "wandering, undecided;" see vague) + gerundive suffix -bundus.
Vagary (noun) 1570s, "a wandering, a roaming journey," from Italian vagare or directly from Latin vagari "to wander, stroll about, roam, be unsettled, spread abroad," from vagus "roving, wandering" (see vague). The infinitive appears to have been adopted in English as a noun and conformed to nouns in -ary, "but this can hardly be explained except as an orig. university use" [Century Dictionary]. Current meaning of "eccentric notion or conduct" (1620s) is from notion of mental wandering. Related: Vagaries.
Vagrant (noun) mid-15c., "person who lacks regular employment, one without fixed abode, a tramp," probably from Anglo-French vageraunt, also wacrant, walcrant, which is said in many sources to be a noun use of the past participle of Old French walcrer "to wander," from Frankish (Germanic) *walken, from the same source as Old Norse valka "wander" and English walk (v.). Under this theory the word was influenced by Old French vagant, vagaunt "wandering," from Latin vagantem (nominative vagans), past participle of vagari "to wander, stroll about" (see vagary). But on another theory the Anglo-French word ultimately is from Old French vagant, with an intrusive -r-. Middle English also had vagaunt "wandering, without fixed abode" (late 14c.), from Old French vagant.
palliard (noun) Look up palliard at Dictionary.com late 15c., "vagabond or beggar" (who sleeps on straw in barns), from Middle French paillard, from Old French paillart "tramp, beggar, vagabond" (13c.), from paille "straw" (see pallet (n.1); also see -ard).
Truant (noun) Look up truant at Dictionary.com c.1200, "beggar, vagabond," from Old French truant "beggar, rogue" (12c.), as an adjective, "wretched, miserable, of low caste," from Gaulish *trougant- (compare Breton *truan, later truant "vagabond," Welsh truan "wretch," Gaelic truaghan "wretched"), of uncertain origin. Compare Spanish truhan "buffoon," from same source. Meaning "one who wanders from an appointed place," especially "a child who stays away from school without leave" is first attested mid-15c.
[3] Avarice (noun) c.1300, from Old French avarice "greed, covetousness" (12c.), from Latin avaritia "greed," from avarus "greedy," adjectival form of avere "crave, long for."
Book | Too Young for a Forgettable War by William Edward Alli
Too Young for a Forgettable War:
Second Edition Paperback – January 23, 2013 by William Edward Alli
Paperback: 388 pages | Publisher: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform; 2 edition (January 23, 2013) | English
ISBN-10: 147929280X | ISBN-13: 978-1479292806
Dear Friend:
I am a Turkish American who served as a United States Marine combat veteran in the Korean War of 1950-53. My Marine division fought alongside Turkish soldiers.
In the Korean War, twenty-two countries participated in the United Nations coalition that defended South Korea from communism. The Turkish Republic participated with an exemplary brigade which won the respect of the world political, military and intelligence communities.
General Douglas MacArthur called the Turks "the bravest of the brave." President Harry S. Truman presented a Presidential Unit Citation to the Turkish brigade. To this day, American veterans continue to praise their Turkish comrades-in-arms.
Although the Turks were seventh in number of troops, they were fourth in number of casualties. Furthermore, as POWs (Prisoners of War), the Turkish soldiers were so resilient against the worst conditions of imprisonment and interrogation, that their conduct was studied by the US Department of Defense as an exemplary model in creating a new POW Code of Conduct for America's armed forces.
I am proud to inform you that in July 2015, the Korean War Veterans Association (KWVA), in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Defense and other organizations, will commemorate the 65th anniversary of the defense of South Korea. The KWVA has invited all coalition countries to send their veterans to the commemorations in Washington DC. All Korean War veterans will be honored at the ceremonies and will be able to share their experiences.
Some countries have already responded that they plan to send some of their veterans to Washington DC. I am sorry to report, however, that there is no indication that any Turkish veterans will be attending.
In cooperation with the Assembly of Turkish American Associations (ATAA), I am writing to call upon Turkish Americans and their friends to request official Turkish participation in this important commemoration. Each passing day is precious, in view of the rapidly diminishing numbers of surviving Korean War veterans.
Please read about the KWVA's July 2015 activities here. I am working with KWVA Coordinator James Fisher, as the liaison for the Turkish American community. Additional information about KWVA can be found at www.kwva.org
I am attaching a poem (in Turkish and English) to support my request for each ATAA-affiliated organization to consider how they can help us inform America about the service and the sacrifice of Türkiye, America, South Korea, and our other allies. We can show that the "forgotten war" is really a forgotten victory; the blood of Turks, Americans, and others saved South Korea so that its people could become memleketin sahipleri (the owners of their own destinies) and build lives of freedom and prosperity. As an American who is a dedicated follower of Atatürk's universal principles, I view my efforts to be an honor, privilege, and duty to all who served and sacrificed to save South Korea and ultimately win victory in the Cold War.
I am also attaching a flyer which tells my background and describes my Korean War memoir, Too Young for a Forgettable War: Second Edition. I am an honorary member of the Turkish Veterans Association, as well as a member of the American-Turkish Association of Washington, DC (ATA-DC) and Maryland American Turkish Association (MATA). In addition to my email address [billalli39(at)gmail(dot)com], you can reach me by phone: 240-441-9611.
Please acknowledge receipt of this message at your earliest convenience, and share with me your ideas.
Thank you.
William Edward Alli
USMC, Korea, 1951-52
Mavi Boncuk
Too Young for a Forgettable War (Second Edition) is a coming-of-age story, in the most dangerous of environments. The author takes readers on a vivid journey to a war–and back. You will follow admittedly naive and immature 18-year-old Bill Alli, as he is forced out of his peaceful civilian life in Michigan, in 1950. Eventually he is taken westward, across the Pacific Ocean, to a war-stricken country known as “Land of the Morning Calm.” His own father, also at 18, had sailed thousands of miles westward across the sea. But his dad was coming to America, leaving the dying Ottoman Empire–and its doomed army–to avoid a looming war. Bill’s fate would be different; he would experience war and maybe die a bloody death. He writes about the dangers, his stupid mistakes, and his physical shortcomings. The dangers turn out to be not only from the enemy’s weapons, but even from those of a United Nations ally (the Republic of Turkiye), whose soldiers are of the same nationality as was his father! They mistakenly arrest Bill as an “enemy agent.” That is clearly a justification for his execution. Bill Alli doubts that he will survive the war and is astonished, and grateful, that he does. But in civilian life he is mortally endangered twice, soon after his return to America. In middle age, the author seeks his “roots,” but they are not those of lineage; they are those of memory. He even visits Korea and Turkey to search for fellow veterans and compare his recollections to theirs. He realizes that his story is clearly and tightly interwoven with that of his comrades, but there is a conflict between their desire to be helpful and their instincts to avoid bad memories. He knows that old veterans do not want, or maybe aren’t able, to relive the past but he forges ahead, though not without tears. We find him exploring deep recesses of his own mind as he puts words to paper. He convinces himself that there are no lurking dangers from any PTSD working in his subconscious, but gradually loses much of his certainty. Not satisfied with the First Edition of his memoir, he decides three years later to self-publish a larger and more detailed Second Edition. He hopes that this book will now enable him to bring a finale to that long journey that began when he was too young a warrior caught up too far away in a forgettable war. He describes how war lays bare human evil, making nobler those actions that counter it through bravery, compassion, and endurance. He hopes his book will incline readers to believe that life’s dreams are not canceled out by its nightmares, nor its beauty by its ugliness, nor its worth by its tragedies. This Second Edition of Too Young for a Forgettable War is appearing during the 60th anniversary of the Korean War Cease-Fire. The U.S. and North Korea have not yet reached a peace agreement. Readers may wonder whether Bill Alli has reached a peace agreement with his war experiences. Or is he really writing about an “unforgettable war?”
About the Author
William Edward Alli was born in Detroit Michigan in 1932. He served on the east-central front in Korea in a machine-gun unit of the 2nd Battalion, 1st Regiment, 1st Marine Division, 1951–52. His military reserve assignments include: Air Intelligence NCO, USMCR Sgt., Grosse Ile Naval Air Station, Michigan 1953-55; and Air Intelligence NCO/Air Intelligence Officer, USAFR SSgt./2ndLt., Selfridge Air Force Base, Michigan 1955-58. The author graduated from Wayne State University with a BA and MA in economics. In 1958 he joined the U.S. Department of Labor as an economist. He was an Adjunct Professor of Economics at George Washington University, 1962-63. From 1963 to 1965 he worked for the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) as a Foreign Service Officer in Pakistan. From 1966 to 1970 he served in the War on Poverty as a manpower development planner in the Dept. of Labor. From 1970 to 1996 he worked for USAID as a project officer, a budget and program planning analyst and finally a management analyst. Alli has authored a bilingual dictionary (Basic Urdu and English Wordbook) for USAID personnel working in Pakistan and India. Bill Alli received the 1995 Public Service Award of the Government Employees’ Insurance Company, for his efforts in the field of substance abuse prevention and treatment. During the Department of Defense’s 50th Anniversary Commemoration Program for the Korean War (2000-2003) he was a co-founder and Activity Director of the American and Turkish Veterans Association. In 2002 he organized and led a group of American veterans on a friendship tour of the Republic of Turkiye. Bill is a member of the Korean War Veterans Assn., Marine Corps Assn., First Marine Division Assn., Marine Corps League, American Legion and Veterans of Foreign Wars. In 1974 Alli was made an honorary member of the War Veterans Association of Turkiye. He is married and has four offspring. Two sons are former Marines, a Lieutenant-Colonel (Ret.) and a Corporal. His eldest daughter is a supervisory physician at the Veterans' Administration, and his youngest daughter is a management consultant. He lives in Bowie Maryland.
Second Edition Paperback – January 23, 2013 by William Edward Alli
Paperback: 388 pages | Publisher: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform; 2 edition (January 23, 2013) | English
ISBN-10: 147929280X | ISBN-13: 978-1479292806
Dear Friend:I am a Turkish American who served as a United States Marine combat veteran in the Korean War of 1950-53. My Marine division fought alongside Turkish soldiers.
In the Korean War, twenty-two countries participated in the United Nations coalition that defended South Korea from communism. The Turkish Republic participated with an exemplary brigade which won the respect of the world political, military and intelligence communities.
General Douglas MacArthur called the Turks "the bravest of the brave." President Harry S. Truman presented a Presidential Unit Citation to the Turkish brigade. To this day, American veterans continue to praise their Turkish comrades-in-arms.
Although the Turks were seventh in number of troops, they were fourth in number of casualties. Furthermore, as POWs (Prisoners of War), the Turkish soldiers were so resilient against the worst conditions of imprisonment and interrogation, that their conduct was studied by the US Department of Defense as an exemplary model in creating a new POW Code of Conduct for America's armed forces.
I am proud to inform you that in July 2015, the Korean War Veterans Association (KWVA), in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Defense and other organizations, will commemorate the 65th anniversary of the defense of South Korea. The KWVA has invited all coalition countries to send their veterans to the commemorations in Washington DC. All Korean War veterans will be honored at the ceremonies and will be able to share their experiences.
Some countries have already responded that they plan to send some of their veterans to Washington DC. I am sorry to report, however, that there is no indication that any Turkish veterans will be attending.
In cooperation with the Assembly of Turkish American Associations (ATAA), I am writing to call upon Turkish Americans and their friends to request official Turkish participation in this important commemoration. Each passing day is precious, in view of the rapidly diminishing numbers of surviving Korean War veterans.
Please read about the KWVA's July 2015 activities here. I am working with KWVA Coordinator James Fisher, as the liaison for the Turkish American community. Additional information about KWVA can be found at www.kwva.org
I am attaching a poem (in Turkish and English) to support my request for each ATAA-affiliated organization to consider how they can help us inform America about the service and the sacrifice of Türkiye, America, South Korea, and our other allies. We can show that the "forgotten war" is really a forgotten victory; the blood of Turks, Americans, and others saved South Korea so that its people could become memleketin sahipleri (the owners of their own destinies) and build lives of freedom and prosperity. As an American who is a dedicated follower of Atatürk's universal principles, I view my efforts to be an honor, privilege, and duty to all who served and sacrificed to save South Korea and ultimately win victory in the Cold War.
I am also attaching a flyer which tells my background and describes my Korean War memoir, Too Young for a Forgettable War: Second Edition. I am an honorary member of the Turkish Veterans Association, as well as a member of the American-Turkish Association of Washington, DC (ATA-DC) and Maryland American Turkish Association (MATA). In addition to my email address [billalli39(at)gmail(dot)com], you can reach me by phone: 240-441-9611.
Please acknowledge receipt of this message at your earliest convenience, and share with me your ideas.
Thank you.
William Edward Alli
USMC, Korea, 1951-52
Mavi Boncuk
Too Young for a Forgettable War (Second Edition) is a coming-of-age story, in the most dangerous of environments. The author takes readers on a vivid journey to a war–and back. You will follow admittedly naive and immature 18-year-old Bill Alli, as he is forced out of his peaceful civilian life in Michigan, in 1950. Eventually he is taken westward, across the Pacific Ocean, to a war-stricken country known as “Land of the Morning Calm.” His own father, also at 18, had sailed thousands of miles westward across the sea. But his dad was coming to America, leaving the dying Ottoman Empire–and its doomed army–to avoid a looming war. Bill’s fate would be different; he would experience war and maybe die a bloody death. He writes about the dangers, his stupid mistakes, and his physical shortcomings. The dangers turn out to be not only from the enemy’s weapons, but even from those of a United Nations ally (the Republic of Turkiye), whose soldiers are of the same nationality as was his father! They mistakenly arrest Bill as an “enemy agent.” That is clearly a justification for his execution. Bill Alli doubts that he will survive the war and is astonished, and grateful, that he does. But in civilian life he is mortally endangered twice, soon after his return to America. In middle age, the author seeks his “roots,” but they are not those of lineage; they are those of memory. He even visits Korea and Turkey to search for fellow veterans and compare his recollections to theirs. He realizes that his story is clearly and tightly interwoven with that of his comrades, but there is a conflict between their desire to be helpful and their instincts to avoid bad memories. He knows that old veterans do not want, or maybe aren’t able, to relive the past but he forges ahead, though not without tears. We find him exploring deep recesses of his own mind as he puts words to paper. He convinces himself that there are no lurking dangers from any PTSD working in his subconscious, but gradually loses much of his certainty. Not satisfied with the First Edition of his memoir, he decides three years later to self-publish a larger and more detailed Second Edition. He hopes that this book will now enable him to bring a finale to that long journey that began when he was too young a warrior caught up too far away in a forgettable war. He describes how war lays bare human evil, making nobler those actions that counter it through bravery, compassion, and endurance. He hopes his book will incline readers to believe that life’s dreams are not canceled out by its nightmares, nor its beauty by its ugliness, nor its worth by its tragedies. This Second Edition of Too Young for a Forgettable War is appearing during the 60th anniversary of the Korean War Cease-Fire. The U.S. and North Korea have not yet reached a peace agreement. Readers may wonder whether Bill Alli has reached a peace agreement with his war experiences. Or is he really writing about an “unforgettable war?”
About the Author
William Edward Alli was born in Detroit Michigan in 1932. He served on the east-central front in Korea in a machine-gun unit of the 2nd Battalion, 1st Regiment, 1st Marine Division, 1951–52. His military reserve assignments include: Air Intelligence NCO, USMCR Sgt., Grosse Ile Naval Air Station, Michigan 1953-55; and Air Intelligence NCO/Air Intelligence Officer, USAFR SSgt./2ndLt., Selfridge Air Force Base, Michigan 1955-58. The author graduated from Wayne State University with a BA and MA in economics. In 1958 he joined the U.S. Department of Labor as an economist. He was an Adjunct Professor of Economics at George Washington University, 1962-63. From 1963 to 1965 he worked for the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) as a Foreign Service Officer in Pakistan. From 1966 to 1970 he served in the War on Poverty as a manpower development planner in the Dept. of Labor. From 1970 to 1996 he worked for USAID as a project officer, a budget and program planning analyst and finally a management analyst. Alli has authored a bilingual dictionary (Basic Urdu and English Wordbook) for USAID personnel working in Pakistan and India. Bill Alli received the 1995 Public Service Award of the Government Employees’ Insurance Company, for his efforts in the field of substance abuse prevention and treatment. During the Department of Defense’s 50th Anniversary Commemoration Program for the Korean War (2000-2003) he was a co-founder and Activity Director of the American and Turkish Veterans Association. In 2002 he organized and led a group of American veterans on a friendship tour of the Republic of Turkiye. Bill is a member of the Korean War Veterans Assn., Marine Corps Assn., First Marine Division Assn., Marine Corps League, American Legion and Veterans of Foreign Wars. In 1974 Alli was made an honorary member of the War Veterans Association of Turkiye. He is married and has four offspring. Two sons are former Marines, a Lieutenant-Colonel (Ret.) and a Corporal. His eldest daughter is a supervisory physician at the Veterans' Administration, and his youngest daughter is a management consultant. He lives in Bowie Maryland.
Yaşar Kemal Bibliography
Yasar Kemal at his home in Istanbul, Turkey, in 2008. Photograph: Yoray Liberman"The Turkish writer Yaşar Kemal, who has died aged 91, found fame after the publication of his first novel, Ince Memed (1955), translated into English as Memed, My Hawk (1961). It became known around the world in other translations, the first Turkish novel to make a big impact internationally. Kemal was then working as a journalist in Istanbul, but the story dealt with the harsh life of farmers and ordinary people in the Çukurova plain and Taurus mountains around Adana in southern Turkey." Guardian Obituary
Mavi Boncuk |
Yaşar Kemal Bibliography
Stories
Sarı Sıcak, ("Yellow Heat") (1952)
Novels
İnce Memed (Memed, My Hawk) (1955)
Teneke (The Drumming-Out) (1955)
Orta Direk (The Wind from the Plain) (1960)
Yer Demir Gök Bakır (Iron Earth, Copper Sky) (1963)
Ölmez Otu (The Undying Grass) (1968)
Ince Memed II (They Burn the Thistles) (1969)
Akçasazın Ağaları/Demirciler Çarşısı Cinayeti (The Agas of Akchasaz Trilogy/Murder in the Ironsmiths Market) (1974)
Akçasazın Ağaları/Yusufcuk Yusuf (The Agas of Akchasaz Trilogy/Yusuf, Little Yusuf) (1975)
Yılanı Öldürseler (To Crush the Serpent) (1976)
Al Gözüm Seyreyle Salih (The Saga of a Seagull) (1976)
Allahın Askerleri (God’s Soldiers) (1978)
Kuşlar da Gitti (The Birds Have Also Gone: Long Stories) (1978)
Deniz Küstü (The Sea-Crossed Fisherman) (1978)
Hüyükteki Nar Ağacı (The Pomegranate on the Knoll) (1982)
Yağmurcuk Kuşu/Kimsecik I (Kimsecik I - Little Nobody I) (1980)
Kale Kapısı/Kimsecik II (Kimsecik II - Little Nobody II)(1985)
Kanın Sesi/Kimsecik III (Kimsecik III - Little Nobody III) (1991)
Fırat Suyu Kan Akıyor Baksana (Look, the Euphrates is Flowing with Blood) (1997)
Karıncanın Su İçtiği (Ant Drinking Water) (2002)
Tanyeri Horozları (The Cocks of Dawn) (2002)
Epic Novels
Üç Anadolu Efsanesi (Three Anatolian Legends) (1967)
Ağrıdağı Efsanesi (The Legend of Mount Ararat) (1970) - the base of the opera Ağrı Dağı Efsanesi 1971
Binboğalar Efsanesi (The Legend of the Thousand Bulls) (1971)
Çakırcalı Efe* (The Life Stories of the Famous Bandit Çakircali) (1972)
Reportages
Yanan Ormanlarda 50 Gün (Fifty Days in the Burning Forests) (1955)
Çukurova Yana Yana (While Çukurova Burns) (1955)
Peribacaları (The Fairy Chimneys) (1957)
Bu Diyar Baştan Başa (Collected reportages) (1971)
Bir Bulut Kaynıyor (Collected reportages) (1974)
Experimental Works
Ağıtlar (Ballads) (1943)
Taş Çatlasa (At Most) (1961)
Baldaki Tuz (The Salt in the Honey) (1959-74 newspaper articles)
Gökyüzü Mavi Kaldı (The Sky remained Blue) (collection of folk literature in collaboration with S. Eyüboğlu)
Ağacın Çürüğü (The Rotting Tree) (Articles and Speeches) (1980)
Yayımlanmamış 10 Ağıt (10 Unpublished Ballads) (1985)
Sarı Defterdekiler (Contents of the Yellow Notebook) (Collected Folkloric works) (1997)
Ustadır Arı (The Expert Bee) (1995)
Zulmün Artsın (Increase Your Oppression) (1995)
Children's Books
Filler Sultanı ile Kırmızı Sakallı Topal Karınca (The Sultan of the Elephants and the Red-Bearded Lame Ant) (1977)