Swedish diplomat Einar Wirsén, who was the head of the Mosul committee which was established by the League of Nations on the 30th of September 1924 to draw the borders between Turkey and Iraq and to decide the fate of Mosul Wilayet. he is the author of Balkan to Berlin [Från Balkan till Berlin, 1943,Stockholm, Albert Bonniers Förlagthe] In chapter 4 of this book he gave population information which is extremely questionable.
Mavi Boncuk |
OSMANLI VILAYET OF MOSUL
In 1875 the three northern Sandjaks of the Vilayet of Baghdad - Kirkuk (until 1893
Shahrizor, Kurd.: Kerkûk), Mosul (Kurd.: Mûsil) and Sulaymanya (Kurd.: Silemanî) -
were detached from that Vilayet to form the new Vilayet of Mosul. (1)
(1) Northern Iraq was conquered by the Osmanli in the early 16th century and
a separate Elayet of Mosul was probably erected at the end of the same
century.
In 1855 the Elayet was abolished and the region became part of the Elayet
of Van (Hakkari until 1864). It was ransferred to Baghdad in 1865.
SOUTHERN KURDISTAN (HÊRÊMI KURDISTAN)
The largest part of the Vilayet (all of Sulaymanya, two-thirds of Kirkuk and half
of Mosul) was inhabited by Kurds, forming in this way so-called Southern Kurdistan.
The Kurds had voluntary accepted Osmanli rule in 1514 and as a result the Osmanli
Sultan had formally recognized the existing Kurdish principalities (Baban, Badinan,
Soran, etc) as independent states under Osmanli supervision. (2)
In the course of time, this fargoing self rule was however gradually abolished and
by 1870 the last of the principalities had disappeared, the Kurdish tribal leaders
now only retaining some power in local affairs as part of the Osmanli Sandjaks and
Kaza. (3)
(2) The Kurdish princes could strike their own coinage, didn't pay tribute to
the Sultan, etc. Even the Friday sermon (Khotba) was pronounced in their
name.
The only restrictions to their full independence were the interdictions
to make alliances with foreing powers, to modify the frontiers of their
principalities and to revolt against the Sultan...
(3) The last major traditional revolt against this new situation occured in
1880 - 1882 under the leadership of Shaykh Ubaidullah.
It was also in this period that the first modern Kurdish nationalist
movement - the Hiviya Kurd (Kurdish Hope) - was founded in 1910 by
Khalil Hassan Motki. Its further development was however prevented by
the outbreak of WWI.
CHIEF OTTOMAN "OSMANLI" ADMINISTRATORS
Governor/Vali
1879 - 1888 ...
1889 Kürd Reshid Pasha
1889 - 1894 ...
1894 - 1895 Aziz Pasha
1896 Abdullah Pasha
1897 Zihdi Bey
1898 Abdülwahib Pasha
1898 - 1900 Hüseyin Hazim Pasha
1901 Hadji Reshid Pasha
1902 - 1904 Nuri Pasha
1905 - 1908 Mustafa Bey
1909 Fazil Pasha
1910 - 1912 Tahir Pasha
1913 - 1916 Süleyman Nasif Bey
1916 - 191. Haydar Bey
________________________________________
THE VILAYET OF MOSUL 1918 - 1926
Chronology
1918 :
Nov : After the signature of an armistice with the Osmanli at Mudros on oct 30,
the Vilayet of Mosul was occupied by detachments [Commander : MajGen. Sir
Alexander Stanhope Cobbe (1870 - 1931)] of the Mesopotamia Expeditionary
Force and British political officers toke over the administration of the
former Sandjaks of Mosul and Kirkuk and their subdivions.
Dec 01 : In an attempt to rally the Kurdish tribes, the Kurd Shaykh Mahmud Barzanji
(1... - 1...), Master of the Qâdiri Sufi house of Barzanja was appointed
governor (Hikimdar) of the former Sandjak of Sulaymanya. (1)
1919
May 23 : Revolt of Shaykh Mahmud Barzanji against British presence and proclamation
of an independent Kurdish state.
Jun 17 : Shaykh Mahmud Barzanji was defeated at the battle of the Bazyan Pass.
Sulaymanya now also came under direct British rule.
1920
Apr 24 : Mosul was declared a part of the mandated territory of Mesopotamia, which
was entrusted to the British.
Aug 10 : Treaty of Sèvres : The Osmanli formally ceded the Vilayet - intented to
become the heartland of a future Kurdish state - to the Allies.
Nov 11 : Installation of a provisional Iraqi administration.
Although Mosul formally remained a separate mandated territory, most of it
now de facto came under Iraqi administration (Mutessarifs were appointed
to Mosul in dec 1920 and to Kirkuk in feb 1921), only Sulaymanya remaining
under the direct authority of the British High Commisioner.
1922
Feb 01 : The Turkish Grand National Assembly announced its intention to "liberate"
Mosul, hereby giving recognition to the unformal actions of Turkish troops
in the Vilayet since 1921. In the course of the following weeks large parts
of Mosul were occupied and Turkish local administrators were appointed.
The British were forced to evacuate Sulaymanya, leaving behind a powerless
provisional council chaired by Shaykh 'Abd al-Qadir (1... - 1...), brother
of Shaykh Mahmud.
Sep : In an attempt to restore British-Iraqi authority, Shaykh Mahmud Barzanji
was once again appointed Hikimdar of Sulaymanya. He immediately revolted.
Nov : Shaykh Mahmud Barzanji assumed the style of King of Kurdistan.
Dec 24 : A further attempt to rally the Kurds was made by granting them autonomy
within the Iraqi state.
1923
Jul 23 : Treaty of Lausanne : formal end of the Anglo-Turkish war over Mosul.
It was decided to submit the dispute about the territory to the Council
of the League of Nations. A three-men commission was appointed to examine
the problem. (2)
1924
Jul : Shaykh Mahmud Barzanji was defeated.
Dec 24 : New British proclamation concerning an autonomous Kurdish government within
Iraq.
1925
Dec 16 : The Council of the League of Nations decided to entrust the mandate over
Mosul to Iraq, on condition that the special rights of the Kurds would be
respected.
1926
Jan 13 : Turkey recognised the right of Iraq over Mosul, in exchange of a share in
the Mosul oil production and the promise not to intevene in the affairs
of Turkish Kurdistan.
Jan 23 : The Kurds of Iraq were offered a special regime and limited autonomy. (3)
(1) British Representatives
(like all other British administrators in Mosul subordinated to the military
administration in Mesopotamia)
1918 - 1919 Maj. Edward William Charles Noel 1886 - 1974
1919 Ely Bannister Soane 1881 - 1923
(2) Members of the Mosul Enquiry Commission (at work in Mosul from jan to may
1925) :
Carl Einar Thure af Wirsén (Chairman) [(Swed.) b.Uppsala,1875 d.Stockholm,1946 ]
Col. Albert Paulis [(Belg.) 1875 -1933]
Pál, gróf Teleki [(Hung.) 1879 -1941]
(3) Except for the fact that Kurdish was introduced as language in the primary
schools of Sulaymanya, no other parts of this decision seem to have been
implemented.
As a result new revolts occured :
1930 - 1931 : Last revolt of Shaykh Mahmud Barzanji.
1931 - 1937 : Revolts of the Barzani, under the command of Shaykh Ahmed Barzani (1... - 1956)
1943 - 1945 : Revolt of the Barzani, now headed by Mulla Mustafa Barzani,(1903 - 1979), Brother of Shaykh Ahmad.
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