Mavi Boncuk |
Image by Justus Lipsius of one of the two meanings that he attributed to the term crux simplex.
çarmıh
Farsça çārmīχ چار
میخ “«dört çivi», haç”
sözcüğünden alıntıdır.
[Sinan Paşa, Tazarru'nâme, 1482]
ber-dār olup asılmış (...) çār-mīχa gerilmiş
[Asım Ef., Burhan-ı Katı terc., 1797]
çārmīχ [Fa.]: İşkence āletidir, tahrīfle çarmık derler ve asıl Türkīde gergi dealer.
mıh: nail EN Farsça ve Orta Farsça mēχ veya mīχ میخ “çivi, özellikle tahta çivi” sözcüğünden alıntıdır. (NOT: Bu sözcük Sanskritçe mayūkha “büyük tahta çivi” sözcüğü ile eş kökenlidir.)
mıhçı, mıhlamak, mıhlanmak, mıhlayıcı, mıhsıçtı
çarmıh [Codex Cumanicus, 1303]
clavus [çivi] - Fa: megh - Tr: migh, kadan [mıh, kadan]
[Ebu Hayyan, Kitabu'l-İdrak, 1312]
mīχladı & mīḳladı: sammara [çiviledi]
Istavroz – İstavroz: cross EN i. (Yun. stauros[1]) 1. cross[2]Haç, salip. 2. sıf. Haç biçiminde olan.
ISTAVROZ TONOZ birl.i. mimar. Dört tonoz parçasının birbirini kesmesinden meydana gelen tonoz, mütekātı tonoz.HAÇ
1. Birbirini dik olarak kesen iki doğru parçasından meydana
gelen ve Hz. Îsâ’nın çarmıhtaki duruşunu temsil eden Hıristiyanlık sembolü,
istavroz, put, salip: Evin mîmârı Hıristo Kalfa haçına putuna yemin etti (Yusuf
Z. Ortaç). Sarı Hoca, “Elindeki kilit Bizans işi” dedi. “Bak orta yerinde haç
var” (Mustafa N. Sepetçioğlu).
2. Bu biçimde olan şey.
Haç çıkarmak: Sağ eli alna, karına ve her iki koltuğa
doğru götürerek haç şekli yapmak sûretiyle tapınmak, istavroz çıkarmak: Oradan
eski kilise harâbesine girdiler. Kadın burada haç çıkardı (Refik H. Karay).
Hancının iri, kocaman karısının iri kocaman gözleri alabildiğine açılmıştı,
durmadan haç çıkarıyordu (Mustafa N. Sepetçioğlu). Haçı suya atmak: Hz. Îsâ’nın
vaftizini kutlamak için her sene 6 ocakta suya bir haç atma ve dalarak o haçı
çıkarma şeklinde merâsim yapmak [Hıristiyan Ortodokslar tarafından yapılır].
[1] Stauros (σταυρός) is a Greek word for a stake or an
implement of capital punishment. The Greek New Testament uses the word stauros
for the instrument of Jesus' crucifixion, and it is generally translated as
"cross" in religious texts, while also being translated as pillar or
tree in Christian contexts.
The word stauros comes from the verb ἵστημι (histēmi: "straighten up",
"stand"), which in turn comes from the Proto-Indo-European root
*steh2-u- "pole", related to the root *steh2- "to stand, to
set"
In ancient Greek stauros meant either an "upright pale
or stake", a "cross, as the instrument of crucifixion", or a
"pale for impaling a corpse".
n older Greek texts, stauros means "pole" and in
Homer's works is always used in the plural number, never in the singular. Instances
are attested in which these pales or stakes were split and set to serve as a
palisade pig sty by Eumaeus in the Odyssey or as piles for the foundation of a
lake dwelling on the Prasiad Lake recounted by Herodotus.
[2] cross(n.) Old English cros "instrument of Christ's crucifixion; symbol of Christianity" (mid-10c.), probably from Old Norse or another Scandinavian source, picked up by the Norse from Old Irish cros, from Latin crux (accusative crucem, genitive crucis) "stake, cross" on which criminals were impaled or hanged (originally a tall, round pole); hence, figuratively, "torture, trouble, misery;" see crux. Also from Latin crux are Italian croce, French croix, Spanish and Portuguese cruz, Dutch kruis, German Kreuz.
crux(n.) 1814, "a cross," from Latin crux "cross," a word of uncertain origin. Sometimes said to be cognate with Irish cruach "heap, hill," Gaulish *krouka "summit," Old Norse hryggr "backbone," Old English hrycg "back." But de Vaan is suspicious:
The Celtic and Gm. forms are often reconstructed as
*kr(e)u-k-, but we find vacillating vocalism within Gm.; also, the meanings
'backbone' and 'heap' are not necessarily connected. Even if the words in
*kruk- from Latin and Italo-Celtic belong together, the root structure does not
look PIE (and a root enlargement k is unknown), and might be interpreted as a
non-IE substratum word borrowed into Italo-Celtic. But Latin may also just have
borrowed the word from a contemporary language.
The figurative use for "a central difficulty"
(1718) is older in English than the literal sense; perhaps it is from Latin
crux interpretum "a point in a text that is impossible to interpret,"
the literal meaning of which is something like "crossroads of
interpreters." But Century Dictionary ascribes it to "the cross as an
instrument of torture; hence anything that puzzles or vexes in a high degree
...." Extended sense of "central point" is attested by 1888.



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