Marble: c.1200, by dissimilation from O.Fr. marbre, from L. marmor, from or cognate with Gk. marmaros "marble, gleaming stone," of unknown origin, perhaps originally an adj. meaning "sparkling," which would connect it with marmairein "to shine." The L. word was taken directly into O.E. as marma. Meaning "little balls of marble used in a children's game" is attested from 1690s. Marble cake is attested from 1871.See: Sea of Marmara. The sea takes its name from the island of Marmara, which is rich in sources of marble, from the Greek μάρμαρον (marmaron), "marble".
NATO - ROE : The most widespread and most accepted rules of engagement (ROE) exist within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and are generally designed as operational rules for commanders of battalion-level and larger forces and Commanding Officers of warships. In times of rising numbers of terrorist attacks and piracy, both defined as "outside of declared-war situations," the ROEs gain ever greater importance to the various forces opposing them.
Mavi Boncuk |
Turkish Foreign Ministry has said Turkey as a NATO member will contribute to the implementation of the UN resolution authorizing a no-fly zone over Libya, local media reported Sunday, after Western countries launched airstrikes against Libya. "Turkey will make the necessary and appropriate national contribution to implementing a UN no-fly zone over Libya and measures to protect civilians. Within that framework, the necessary preparations are being made by civil and military authorities in coordination," the semi-official Anatolia news agency quoted. Turkey has opposed NATO intervention against Libya and said a military act in the country must be decided by the UN.
Turkish PM, Erdogan said on March 1 that NATO intervention in Libya would be “unthinkable.” The Western alliance requires unanimous approval from all of its 28 member countries, including Turkey, to launch a military operation.
After the UN Security Council passed a resolution on endorsing a no-fly zone and authorizing "all necessary measures" to protect civilians in Libya, Turkey said Friday it supports the decision and urged for an immediate ceasefire, while reiterating opposition against foreign intervention in the country.
Leaders from main Western powers like France, the United States and Britain announced at their Paris summit without the participation of Turkey to start military action against Libya's government forces. The decision came after the government forces of the North African nation stormed into the rebel stronghold of Benghazi. U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and British Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs William Hague phoned Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu to give him information about Saturday's meeting in Paris, the statement said.
During the conversation, Davutoglu said Turkey attached great importance to implementing the UN resolution in a manner to secure the territorial integrity of Libya and ensure Libyan people's peace, security and prosperity, it said. "Davutoglu said Turkey had indicated from the very beginning that the reaction should be displayed against the attacks on civilians in Libya on the ground of international legitimacy and by seeking regional support," according to the statement.
After the UN Security Council passed a resolution on endorsing a no-fly zone and authorizing "all necessary measures" to protect civilians in Libya, Turkey said Friday it supports the decision and urged for an immediate ceasefire, while reiterating opposition against foreign intervention in the country.
Leaders from main Western powers like France, the United States and Britain announced at their Paris summit without the participation of Turkey to start military action against Libya's government forces. The decision came after the government forces of the North African nation stormed into the rebel stronghold of Benghazi. U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and British Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs William Hague phoned Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu to give him information about Saturday's meeting in Paris, the statement said.
During the conversation, Davutoglu said Turkey attached great importance to implementing the UN resolution in a manner to secure the territorial integrity of Libya and ensure Libyan people's peace, security and prosperity, it said. "Davutoglu said Turkey had indicated from the very beginning that the reaction should be displayed against the attacks on civilians in Libya on the ground of international legitimacy and by seeking regional support," according to the statement.
At least 48 people were reportedly killed and 150 others wounded in Libya in the first round of Western-led airstrikes that started Saturday, while anti-aircraft gunfire continued to roar in Tripoli early Sunday as warplanes flew over the city.
After the strikes, Libya's Foreign Ministry said late Saturday that it considered invalid the UN Security Council resolution that authorizes a no-fly zone over the country and demanded an emergency meeting of the Security Council.The North Atlantic Treaty Organization military alliance must have a clearly defined and limited mission for any intervention in Libya, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan said.
NATO is not responsible for distributing natural resources and a NATO operation cannot turn into an occupation, Erdogan said in a speech today in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. NATO involvement would have to be limited to “providing Libyans with the opportunity to make their own decisions” about their future, he said.
In August 2003, NATO commenced its first mission ever outside Europe when it assumed control over International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan. However, some critics believe that national caveats or other restrictions undermine the efficiency of ISAF. For instance, political scientist Joseph Nye stated in a 2006 article that "Many NATO countries with troops in Afghanistan have "national caveats" that restrict how their troops may be used. While the Riga summit relaxed some of these caveats to allow assistance to allies in dire circumstances, Britain, Canada, the Netherlands, and the U.S. are doing most of the fighting in southern Afghanistan, while French, German, and Italian troops are deployed in the quieter north.
It is difficult to see how NATO can succeed in stabilizing Afghanistan unless it is willing to commit more troops and give commanders more flexibility."
Due to the intensity of the fighting in the south, France has recently allowed a squadron of Mirage 2000 fighter/attack aircraft to be moved into the area, to Kandahar, in order to reinforce the alliance's efforts. If these caveats were to be eliminated, it is argued that this could help NATO to succeed. NATO is also training the ANA (Afghan National Army) to be better equipped in forcing out the Taliban.
NATO has added new members seven times since first forming in 1949 (the last two in 2009). NATO comprises 28 members: Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
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